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Pathophysiology 1 > GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM > Flashcards

GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

11 components and what they do

A

ORAL CAVITY, TEETH AND TONGUE- Food or liquid ingested and mechanical processing to moisten and mix with saliva
Salivary glands- Secrete lubricating fluid with enzymes to break down carbs
Pharynx- muscular propulsion to pass through oesophagus
Oesophagus- Transport materials to stomach
Liver- Produces bile for lipid digestion, stores nutrients etc
Gallbladder- Stores and concentrates bile
Pancreas- Exocrine cells secrete digestive enzymes and buffers , endocrine secretes hormones
Stomach- Chemical breakdown of materials via acid and enzymes and is mechanical process through muscular contractions
Large intestine- dehydration and compaction of materials into faeces
Small intestine- Enzymatic digestion, absorption of water, ions, organic subtrates and vitamins
Anus- eliminates faeces

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2
Q

6 functions of digestive system

A

I Must Digest So Alice Eats

INGESTION- Via mouth and active decision making
MECHANICAL PROCESSING- Solids need mashing and tearing (preliminary mechanical processing) + swirling and churning of mixture
DIGESTION- Chemical breakdown of food into small substances ; molecules disassembled by enzymes before absorption
SECRETION- Release of water, enzymes, buffers, acids and salts (glandular organs)
ABSORPTION- Movement of organic substrates, electrolytes, vitamins and water from digestive epithelium into tract
EXCRETION - Removal of wastes

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3
Q

STOMACH

A

J Shaped organ
Left hand side at T7-L3
Receives masticated food (chewed) in form of BOLUS (round mass) from oesophagus

Ingested food + stomach acid = CHYME

Chyme is highly acidic and viscous substance

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4
Q

4 Functions of stomach

A

SMAP

Storage of ingested food
Mechanical breakdown of ingested food (swirling to breakdown food with stomach acid)
Absorption of chemical bonds of food via acids and enzymes
Production of intrinsic factors (B12 absorption functions with this, so lack of intrinsic factor is B12 deficiency)

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5
Q

4 sections of stomach

A

CARDIA

FUNDUS

BODY

PYLORUS (Made of pyloric antrum and pyloric canal)

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6
Q

CARDIA or inlet

A

Accepts bolus of food from oesophagus

Placed between oesophagus and body of stomach

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7
Q

FUNDUS

A

Most superior

Under left hemi diaphragm

Patient having FUNDUS removed may have respiratory issues as surgery impacts diaphragm sometimes

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8
Q

BODY OF STOMACH

A

Where food and stomach acids make chyme

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9
Q

PYLORUS

A

Pyloric antrum

Pyloric canal with sphincter to pass chyme into duodenum of small intestine

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10
Q

Small intestine

A

Where chemical digestion finished and products of digestion absorbed

Relies on bile release from liver and pancreas enzymes for finishing digestion (then absorption)

90% of nutrients absorbed here

6m in length

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11
Q

3 segments of small intestine

A

DUODENUM

JEJUNUM

ILEUM

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12
Q

More about small intestine

A

Between L1-L4

Duodenum is 25cm long.
Receives chyme and digestive enzymes from liver and pancreas
Curved shape and near the pancreas

JEJUNUM - in peritoneal cavity
2.5m long
Most chemical digestion happens here

ILEUM- 3.5m long
Ends in sphincter for fluid into large intestine

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13
Q

LARGE INTESTINE

A

Begins at end of ileum and ends at anus
Frames the small intestine
1.5 metres long and up to 7.5cm sometimes

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14
Q

Functions of large intestine

A

RAS

Reabsorption of water and compaction into faeces
Absorption of vitamins from bacterial action
Storages of faeces prior to removal

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15
Q

3 parts large intestine

A

CECUM

COLON

RECTUM

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16
Q

4 parts of colon:

A

Ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid

17
Q

About the large intestine

A

Cecum is extended puch of ileum

Colon=
Ascending up right side , bends at hepatic / colic flexure
Transverse from R to L, bends at splenic flexure
Descending down left side , curves into
Sigmoid colon is C shaped and empties into rectum

Rectum is 15cm long and end of digestion- Voluntary and involuntary sphincters

18
Q

Liver

A

Largest visceral organ
Weighs 1.5kg
Upper right of abdominal cavity, beneath diaphragm and stretches to top of stomach, right kidney and intestines
Secretes bile into duodenum by common bile duct

19
Q

Liver lobes

A

Right
Left
Caudate
Quadrate

20
Q

3 liver functions

A

Metabolic regulation- remove and store nutrients
Haematological regulation- receives 25% full cardiac output and is large so stores some blood
Bile production- secrete bile into duodenum and emulsified chyme

21
Q

Gallbladder

A

Pear shaped

Stores and concentrates biles

Under right lobe of liver

If you have gallbladder removed , bile stored in liver and produced in smaller amounts . Struggle to digest fatty foods.

22
Q

GALLSTONES

A 
Small cholesterol stones
Too many or too large 
Stuck in bile duct excruciating pain 
Inflammatory process and infection 
Cholecystitis

Treatment = Breakdown using ultra sonic equipment
Pain relief

Cholecystectomy can remove them

23
Q

Chrons

A 
Lifelong 
Inflammation of digestive system parts 
May be linked to R arthritis or ankylosing 
Flare ups 
Can pass blood in faeces 
Loss of blood can cause anaemia 
Scarring 
Constipation fromntightening if bowel

Treatments- to reduce inflammation
Immunosuppressants
Surgery to remove damaged cells
Iliostomy bags

24
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A

Lifelong
Colon and rectum inflamed
Small ulcers on colon linin and can bleed and pus
Symptoms - abdominal pain, diarrhoea, blood I’m faeces , fatigue and weight loss and loss of appetite
Flare ups
Managed like chrons

25
Q

Diverticulitis

A

Bulges in lining of large intestines
Inflammation and infection
Pain, loss of appetite, vomit and diarrhoea
Get it in bouts
Treatment - diet control like fibre and antibiotics
Not seen as lifelong

26
Q

Ulcers

A

Gastric or duodenal ulcers
Pain and vomiting blood
So it is actively bleeding
Surgery and meds

27
Q

Cancer common

Gastroenteritis

A

Bacterial infection
Affects any age
Projectile vomiting, watery diarrhoea , nausea and mild fever
Treatments - drink fluids, paracetamol , rest and plain diet , anti diarrhoea and anti emetics

28
Q

Laparotomy

A

Where narrow tubes in the abdomen via incisions

Incisions may be 
Midline 
Transverse 
Rooftop 
Paramedian 
Subcostal

Pathophysiology 1 (22 decks)

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