Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology 1 > Endocrine And Homeostasis Seminar > Flashcards

Endocrine And Homeostasis Seminar Flashcards

1
Q

Where is calcium found ?

A

Bones (99.9%)
Blood
Extraceullar fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Normal levels of calcium?

A

1.1-1.4mm/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do we use calcium for ? (4)

A

Muscle contractions
Nerve function- conducts action potentials
Heart function - contraction
Correct bone density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hormones that control levels of calcium

A

(Can’t get to see people, covid)
CALCITROL- comes from kidneys
Promotes calcium ion absorption into digestive tract

GROWTH HORMONE- produced in pituitary gland
Stimulates osteoblasts activity and produces bone matrix

THYROXINE T4- thyroid gland. Stimulates osteoblasts activity and produces bone matrix

SEX HORMONES- produces in testes or ovaries. Stimulates osteoblasts activity, synthesise bone matrix and oestrogen closes growth plates before androgens

PARATHYROID- From parathyroid gland.
Stimulates osteoblasts and clasts activity. Elevates calcium ion conc in blood

CALCITONIN- From thyroid gland C cells.
Inhibits osteoclast activity, promotes calcium ion loss by kidneys and reduces calcium ion in body fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Calcium levels decrease

A

Calcium levels decrease in blood
Detected by receptors on parathyroid gland
Secretes parathyroid hormone

Bone = parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclast activity so calcium goes from bone into blood

Intestinal= Parathyroid hormone causes more calcium to be absorbed from diet, by producing vitamin D to produce calcitrol - calcium absorbed faster.

Kidneys= PTH stimulates calcitrol production in kidneys to help gut absorb calcium. Kidneys retain calcium and don’t release it into urine.

Calcium levels increase back to normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Calcium levels increase too much

A

High calcium ions in blood
Detected by receptors on thyroid gland
C cells / parafollicular cells release calcitonin

Calcitonin inhibits osteoclast activity and osteoblasts continue to trap calcium in their matrix

Intestinal- calcitonin inhibits absorption of calcium

Kidneys - calcitonin means more calcium lost in urine. Less calcitrol produced in kidneys so less calcium absorption in the gut.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define diabetes

A

A medical condition where there is a lack of insulin produced, deficit amount of insulin or resistance to insulin which leads to hyperglycaemia (high blood glucose).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Type 1 causes

A

Viral infection
Autoimmune disease
Family history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Type 2 causes

A

Linked to obesity, age and ethnicity

Type 2 can be preventable = healthy diet, healthy lifestyles , exercise etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Incidence of diabetes

A

2.5 million in UK have diabetes
10% type 1 (250,000) and 90% type 2 (2 million). The other 250,000 have mixture of both

Year 2025, predicted 4 million + cases

500,000 to 1 million undiagnosed type 2

300 new cases diagnosed each day, 1 every 5 mins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where is pancreas place?

A

Posterior portion of lower stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name what the clusters of cells are called in pancreas

A

Islets of Langerhans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the three hormone releasing cells in pancreas - what do they all release?

A

ALPHA cells - release glucagon. Mobilises glycogen from liver and suppresses insulin secretion. Maintain blood glucose between meals.

BETA cells- insulin. Promotes glucose utilisation.

DELTA cells- somatostatin and gastrin. Regulates alpha and beta cell functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is pancreas endocrine functions?

A

Hormones released from alpha, beta and delta cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pancreas exocrine functions?

A

Acini cells at periphery of islets of langerhans

Secretes digestive enzymes and alkaline fluids through pancreatic duct to duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

No diabetes

A

Carbohydrates broken down into glucose.
Glucose comes from starchy foods, sugary and sweet and from liver via glycogenolysis.

Glucose absorbed into blood

High blood glucose detected by pancreas

Beta cells release insulin

Insulin opens up body cells to fuel them with glucose

17
Q

People with type 1

A

Glucose comes from starchy, sweet foods or liver

Glucose absorbed into bloodstream

Type 1 means viral infection or autoimmune disease destroyed beta cells.

Can not produce insulin

Glucose levels increase in blood and cannot enter cells as no insulin to unlock cells

So they get a lot of fatigue

  • only 10% of diabetics
  • appears before 40 years old

Treatment - insulin injections, healthy diet and exercise

18
Q

People with type 2

A

Glucose from carbs, sugar, starch and liver

Glucose absorbed into blood

Detected by pancreas and beat cells produce some insulin

Type two means beta cells don’t produce enough insulin

Less glucose into the cells than normal and less insulin to unlock the cells

Blood glucose will rise

OBESITY:
Enough insulin is produced by beta cells but receptors for insulin on cells don’t work properly as they are blocked by fat cells. Insulin cannot open cells to allow glucose into them

Diagnosis: usually after 40 years
Before 40 years if due to ethnicities like Afro Caribbean and south Asian

90% of diabetics

Treatment : healthy diet and exercise for obesity
If this doesn’t work, you’ll need insulin tablets as beta cells produce some insulin but not sufficient amounts

19
Q

Course of diabetes

A

Progressive until death , unless managed and treated

20
Q

Complications of diabetes

A

Cardiovascular disease
Need dialysis for kidney damage
Amputations
Sight loss

Microvascular disease- narrowed blood vessels to the heart , decreased blood volume and angina

Retinopathy- abnormal blood flow to retina as abnormal blood flow

Nephropathy- deterioration of kidney function

Neuropathy- peripheral nerve damage

Macro vascular disease- disease of large elastic arteries like aorta and coronary

PVD- blood circulation disorder in blood vessels not to the heart and brain

CVA- cardiovascular accident

MI- heart attack as supply of blood to heart blocked

21
Q

Prognosis

A

Improved with early detection and management

80% die with cardiovascular disease

Diabetes is 2-3 more times likely to get a stroke

1000 diabetics start kidney dialysis per year

20 times more likely to go blind

100 people with diabetes a week have amputations

22
Q

Morbidity

A

Diabetes doubles risk of CV disease

Type 2 diabetics make up 20% admissions of MI

23
Q

Mortality

A

Life expectancy decreases by 20 years in type 1
10 years for type 2
1 in 7 deaths in UK per year are diabetics

24
Q

Signs of diabetes

A

Hyperglycaemia - high blood glucose above 180mg/Dl

Hyperketonaemia- increased ketones in blood (break down fat for energy) when little carbohydrates

So glucose cannot enter cells so body needs energy from somewhere so ketones break down fat for energy.

25
Q

Some diabetes symptoms

A

Weight loss - body break down fats

Excessive thirst- kidneys try to reduce glucose levels in blood by increasing urination but can cause dehydration

Hunger- body break down fats

Nocturia- urinate lots at night

Fatigue and lethargy- lacking energy from glucose in tissues

Blurred vision- hyperglycaemia alters fluid levels in body and lens of eye prone to this

26
Q

How is it diagnosed ?

A

High blood sugars in blood test

High levels of glucose in urine

27
Q

Physio interventions

A

Involved when there is side effect from diabetes

Can impact treatment, techniques and their responses

28
Q

Treatments

A

Type 1- insulin injections

Type 2- lifestyle changes and insulin tablets

29
Q

Prevention?

A

Type 1 can’t be prevented as virus, family or autoimmune

Type 2 prevented by healthy diet with low fat and salts
Exercise

30
Q

Other people involved in their care

A 
GP
Nurse
Occupational therapists 
Diabetic care team 
Dietician 
Chiropodist 
Podiatrist 
Optometrist 
Physiotherapist

Pathophysiology 1 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions