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Pathophysiology > Sodium and Water Balance > Flashcards

Sodium and Water Balance Flashcards

1
Q

What is BUN?

A

Blood, urea, nitrogen

Measurement of kidney function

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2
Q

What are the normal values of BUN?

A

6-20 mg/dl

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3
Q

What is formed in the liver as a by-product of protein metabolism and is excreted by the kidney?

A

BUN

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4
Q

What is Creatinint?

A

Marker of GRF, product of creatine metabolism in the muscle

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5
Q

What are normal creatinine values?

A

0.6-1.2 mg/dl

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6
Q

What are normal sodium values?

A

135-145 meq/L

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7
Q

What are normal K values?

A

3.5-5 meq/L

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8
Q

What are normal Cl values?

A

98-106 meq/L

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9
Q

What is normal values for HCO3?

A

24-31 meq/L

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10
Q

What is the normal value of anion gap?

A

8-12 meq/L

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11
Q

Osmosis is driven by what?

A

Concentrations, from high to low

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12
Q

Solutes that freely cross the membrane do not create what?

A

osmotic or oncotic pressure gradient

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13
Q

What is the equation for serum osmolarity?

A

(2x Na + B.S. / 18) + BUN/2.8

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14
Q

What usually determines serum osmolarity?

A

serum Na

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15
Q

What are ineffective osmolytes?

A

Na, B.S., BUN

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16
Q

Why are some osmolytes ineffective?

A

Because they flow freely across the vascular endothelium

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17
Q

What is an example of an effective osmolyte?

A

Albumin

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18
Q

Why is albumin an effective osmolyte?

A

It does not readily cross teh endothelium

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19
Q

What is responsible for clinical manifestations of hyponaturemia or hypernaturemia?

A

Changes in brain cell volume, celluar edema, or cell dehydration

20
Q

Water and sodium balance are regulated ________?

A

independently

21
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of having too much water?

A

hyponatremia (low plasma sodium concentration)

22
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of having too little water?

A

hypernatremia (high plasma sodium concentration)

23
Q

What is the clinical manifesation of having too much sodium?

A

volume expansion (edema)

24
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of having too little sodium?

A

Volume depletion

25
Q

The concentration of fluid describes the relationship of what, but doesn’t tell us what?

A

Describes the relationship of the number of particles and the volume of fluid

Doesn’t tell us about the total amount of particles and water

26
Q

If you added particles in a compartment that had a fully permeable membrane, where would the particles and water distribute?

A

Equally across both sides

27
Q

If you added particles in a compartment that had a semipermeable membrane, where do the water and particles distribute?

A

Only the water can cross, but the particles can’t, but water follows the particles, so the water comes from across the semipermeable membrane to equal out the water concentration

28
Q

What makes up extracellular fluid?

A

Interstitial fluid and plasma

29
Q

How much % of total body water is our weight?

A

60%

30
Q

How much of our total body water is from our intracellular fluid?

A

40%

31
Q

How much of our total body water is in the extracellular fluid?

A

20%

32
Q

Efferent arterioles, as they leave the glomerular capillaries, give rise to what? And what does that do?

A

peritubular capillaries; form venules to return blood to the system circulation (IVC)

33
Q

The nephron is responsible for what, in regards to our chemical environment? How can we measure this?

A

Our internal chemical environment; Measured by serum BUN and Creatinine

34
Q

Normal renal function requires what?

A

adequate blood flow to nephrons AND an adequate number of functioning nephrons

35
Q

What is the filtration pressure at the arteriolar end of the capillar?

A

30

36
Q

What is filtration?

A

Movement of fluid into teh interstitum

37
Q

What controls filtration pressure?

A

metarterioles

38
Q

If systemic BP increases, what will happen to the arterioles?

A

the arterioles vasoconstrict to maintain a constant filtration pressure

39
Q

If arterioles don’t maintain a constant filtration pressure?

A

Edema formation will result (excessive fluid in the interstitial space)

40
Q

Albumin favors movement of fluid how in relation to the capillary?

A

Favore movement of fluid into the capillary

41
Q

At the arteriolar end of the capillary, filtration pressure favors movement of fluid where?

A

into teh tissues

42
Q

At the venous end of the capilary, oncotic or osmotic forces favor fluid movement where?

A

back into the circulation for absorption

43
Q

As fluids move from the capillary to the interstitial space, what happens to the filtration and osmotic pressures?

A

Filtration pressure decreases, osmotic pressure increases

44
Q

What happens to the remaining fluid in the interstitial space?

A

it’s returned to the venous circulation by the lymphatic vessels

45
Q

Fluid exchange across the capillaries refers to what kind of forces?

A

Starling

46
Q

Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure is what compared to systemic capillary pressures?

A

Higher

47
Q

Glomerular capillary is more what compared to the systemic capillary?

A

permeable

Pathophysiology (3 decks)

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