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Pathophysiology > Female > Flashcards

Female Flashcards

1
Q

What makes someone a female during sexual differentiation?

A

Absence of SRY genes

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2
Q

What are the female gonads called?

A

Follicles

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3
Q

What are female germ cells?

A

Oogonia

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4
Q

What cells make up progesterone and (sorta) estradiol?

A

Theca cells

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5
Q

What cells produce estradiol?

A

Granulosa cells

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6
Q

What (of the genitalia) makes a phenotypic female?

A

Clitoris

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7
Q

What dictates the female phenotype?

A

Lack of antimullerian hormone and testosterone

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8
Q

How long does the absence of SRY genes produce ovarian differentiation?

A

9 weeks gestation

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9
Q

What produces estrogen?

A

Ovaries

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10
Q

Is estrogen required for development of internal or external genitalia in the female?

A

No

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11
Q

What is estrogen required for?

A

For female maturation, not for development

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12
Q

What duct differentiates in the female to make up the internal genitalia? Why does it differentiate that way?

A

Paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct; lack of antimullerian hormone

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13
Q

The mesonephric (Wolffian) duct does what in the female?

A

Degenerates due to a lack of testosterone

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14
Q

High levels of androgens can do what in a female?

A

Give them a male phenotype

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15
Q

What prevents the descent of the ovaries from fully passing through the inguinal canal?

A

Ovarian ligament and the round ligament of the uterus attach them to the uterus

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16
Q

What can still pass through (but is hardly ever really found in dissection) through the inguinal canal of the female?

A

Round ligament of the uterus

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17
Q

Where are the primordial gonads found?

A

Retropertioneally on the posterior wall

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18
Q

The ovarian ligament connects what to what?

A

Ovary to uterus

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19
Q

The round ligament connects what to what?

A

uterus to labia majora

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20
Q

Where are the ovaries with respect to the broad ligament?

A

posteriorly

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21
Q

The ovaries are suspended by what two structures?

A

Suspensory and ovarian ligaments

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22
Q

Key difference between male and female in terms of gamete production?

A

New gametes are continually produced in males, females are born with all the gametes they will ever have and do not make new ones

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23
Q

What is the cortex of the ovary comprised of?

A

follicles

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24
Q

Follicles contain

A

oocytes, ganulosa and theca cells

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25
Q

Granulosa cells also posses what?

A

17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and aromatase

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26
Q

What converts androgens to estrogen?

A

17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and aromatase

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27
Q

theca cells can sort of produce estradiol how?

A

in addition to progesterone, they also produce androstenedione, which needs 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and aromatase (2 enzymes) to finish converting androstenedione to estrogen; this is completed by the granulosa cells

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28
Q

oogenesis occurs when?

A

during gestation

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29
Q

meiosis for oogenesis stops twice in a females life cycle when?

A

from birth-puberty and again from puberty to ovulation and is only completed if fertilization happens

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30
Q

Follicle depletion results in what?

A

Menopause

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31
Q

about how many primordial ogonia are found?

A

7 million

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32
Q

about how many primary oocytes are found at birth in meiosis i?

A

2 million

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33
Q

about how many are found in meiosis i at puberty?

A

400,000

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34
Q

about how many oocytes are found at menopause?

A

virtually 0

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35
Q

What is the main follicle that undergoes maturation?

A

Graafian follicle

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36
Q

Primary follicles mature to secondary follicles when?

A

Monthly after puberty in preparation for ovulation

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37
Q

What is ovulation?

A

The Graafian follicle capsule breaks and releases an oocyte

38
Q

When does rupture of the Graafian follicle happen in the ovarian cycle?

A

Day 14

39
Q

After ovulation, what happens to the ruptured Graafian follicle?

A

It persists as the corpus luteum

40
Q

What does the corpus luteum do?

A

Produces progesterone until a placenta forms

41
Q

If no fertilization occurs, what happens to the corpus luteum?

A

It degenerates and becomes known as the corpus albicans

42
Q

Ovarian vessels run in what ligament?

A

Suspensory

43
Q

Where does the sperm usually meet the egg in fertilization?

A

Usually in the ampulla of the fallopian tube

44
Q

What helps sweep the secondary oocyte into the lumen of the uterus?

A

Fimbriae

45
Q

Once inside the lumen, what moves the oocyte down toward the utreus?

A

Cilia

46
Q

Where is the fundus of the uterus?

A

At the top, between the fallopian tubes

47
Q

The uterus’s main job is to what?

A

Support the developing embryo

48
Q

What layer of the uterus undergoes cyclical changes in response to hormones?

A

Endometrium

49
Q

What are the three purposes of the vagina?

A

Provide egress for menstrual flow
Receptacle for male gametes
Lower portion of birth canal

50
Q

Anteversion and Retroversion refers to what part of the uterus that’s bent?

A

the angle relative to the vaginal canal

51
Q

Anteflexed and retroflexed refers to what in the uterus?

A

The top part is tilted more toward the bladder (anteflexed) or toward the sigmoid colon (retroflexed)

52
Q

Why are women more predisposed to UTIs?

A

Becuase it’s a relatively short distance between the urethra, the vagina and the rectum, and the urethra is really short

53
Q

Description of the labia majora:

A

thick and hair-bearing

54
Q

Description of the labia minora

A

Thin, non-hair-bearing

55
Q

The vestibule contains what?

A

Vaginal and urethral openings

56
Q

How would you put in a catheter in a female whose urethral opening is difficult to find?

A

You would look for the folds below the clitoris

57
Q

What erectile bodies make up the clitoris?

A

corpora cavernosa

58
Q

what do the corpora spongiosa form in the female?

A

They make up the bulbs of the vestibule

59
Q

What is the Cowper’s gland in the male analagous to in the female?

A

Bartholin’s gland

60
Q

Where do vestibular (Batholin’s) glands secrete in reference to positioning?

A

at the 5 and 7 o’clock

61
Q

Anterior pituitary gland tells what other organ what to do?

A

The ovaries

62
Q

The ovaries tell what in the uterus what to do?

A

Endometrium

63
Q

Which sex hormone is involved in gamete maturation?

A

FSH

64
Q

Which sex hormone is involved in hormone maturation?

A

LH

65
Q

In the early phase of the ovarian cycle, what feedback mechanism does estrogen employ?

A

Negative

66
Q

In mid-cycle, estrogen employs what kind of feedback mechanism on the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus?

A

Positive

67
Q

Late in the ovarian cycle, which hormone employs a negative feedack on the hypothalamus and the anteiror pituitary?

A

progesterone

68
Q

What are the gonadotropins produced in the pituitary gland?

A

FSH and LH

69
Q

What does the hypothalamus release in order to stiumlate the release of FSH and LH?

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

70
Q

What hormone is more elevated throughout reproductive years?

A

LH

71
Q

Which gonadotropin stimulates granulosa cell proliferation and estradiol synthesis?

A

FSH

72
Q

Which gonadotropin induces ovulation and stimulates theca cell progesterone synthesis?

A

LH

73
Q

Difference between ovarian cycle and the menstrual cycle?

A

Ovarian is the follicular and oocyte maturation, ovulation happens at day 14, regulated by gonadotropins, corpus luteum persists

Menstrual cycle is when the endometrium sloughs during the first 7 days, then the endometrium repairs and regenerates and is regulated by ovarian hormones

74
Q

Both the ovarian and menstrual cycles start when and end when?

A

Puberty; menopause

75
Q

Ovarian cycle is driven by what?

A

Gonadotropins, FSH, LH

76
Q

Menstural cycle is driven by what?

A

Ovarian hormones, estrogen and progesterone

77
Q

What are the three stages in the menstural cycle and when are they?

A

0-7 days - menstrual phase; destruction of functional zone
7-14 days - proliferative phase; repair and regeneration of functional zone
14-28 days - secretory phase; secretion by uterine glands

78
Q

What are the 2 stages in the ovarian cycle and when are they?

A

0-14 days - Follicular phase; follicular development, peak in LH, ends at ovulation
14-28 days - Luteal phase; corpus luteum forms and then becomes albicans, LH decreases until FSH becomes more prominent

79
Q

In the follicular phase, what does the FSH do?

A

FSH stimulates granulosa cell growth and secretion of estrogen; rising estrogen produces positive feedback on gonadotropin excretion (you get LH spikes that stimulate ovulation)

80
Q

In the luteal phase, what does LH do?

A

Stimulates theca cell secretion of progesterone and, indirectly, estrogen; progesterone exerts negative feedback on gonadotropin secretion

81
Q

When are there a drop in estrogen and progesterone in the menstrual cycle and why is that?

A

First 7 days, due to atrophy of the corpus luteum into the corpus albicans

82
Q

What causes proliferation in the endometrium?

A

Rise in estrogen

83
Q

High estrogen results in what in regards to the cervical mucous?

A

“ferning,” to facilitate sperm motility, this indicates that the mucous is thin and watery to let the sperm get there

84
Q

What hormone rises in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Progesterone

85
Q

What happens in regards to the endometrium in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Increased vascularity and secretory activity of the endometrium; cervical mucous thickens, basal body temperature increases and finally the coprus luteum degenerates

86
Q

If implanation does occur, what happens to the corpus luteum?

A

It remains until the placenta is formed to maintain progesterone production

87
Q

Why does the corpus luteum remain longer in pregnancy?

A

Due to the hCG level

88
Q

Estrogen is responsible for what in the female?

A

Breast and sex characteristics, pregnancy maintenance, libido, lowers LDL, anti-osteoporosis, heart protection

89
Q

Effects of progesterone?

A

Maintenance of pregnancy, PMS? Breast development?

90
Q

What happens in menopause (symptoms, whole body)? And how can you treat it?

A

Ovaries and hormones decline, vaginal epithelium dries, breast mass decreases, bone resorption increases, vascular instability, emotionally labile

Hormone replacement therapy can alleviate symptoms, prevent osteoporosis and reduce the risk of heart disease

Pathophysiology (3 decks)

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