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Pathophysiology > Male > Flashcards

Male Flashcards

1
Q

What determines male-ness?

A

Presence of SRY genes

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2
Q

What cells produce antimullerian hormone?

A

Sertoli cells

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3
Q

What comprises the male gonads during sexual differentiation?

A

seminiferous tubules

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4
Q

What do germ cells become?

A

spermatogonia

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5
Q

What cells produce testosterone?

A

Leydig cells

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6
Q

What dictates the male phenotype?

A

Antimullerian hormone and dihydrotestosterone

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7
Q

The testes produce which hormones required for male-ness?

A

Testosterone and antimullerian hormone

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8
Q

What stimulates the development of internal genitalia?

A

Testosterone

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9
Q

What, essentially, does the antimullerian hormone do during sexual differentiation?

A

Prevent falling back to the default female sexual development

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10
Q

The scrotal ridge is analagous to what in the female?

A

Labia majora

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11
Q

What duct degenerates as the male sex differentiates? Why does this happen?

A

Mullerian, due to the antimullerian hormone

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12
Q

What is required for the mesonephric (Wolffian) duct development?

A

Testosterone

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13
Q

Where in relationship to the peritoneum are the primordial gonads found?

A

Retroperitoneal

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14
Q

As the testes and associated structures descend, what structure do they go through as they “drop?”

A

Inguinal canal

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15
Q

What layer of the testes becomes obliterated between birth and adulthood?

A

Process vaginalis

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16
Q

When is the descent of the testes “usually” complete by?

A

8 months into gestation

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17
Q

What is important about the scrotal location for sperm development?

A

Cooler temperatures

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18
Q

At what age do you need to surgically descend the testes if they haven’t naturally done so?

A

about 1 year old

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19
Q

Scrotal movement (expansion and contraction) is important for what?

A

To keep the sperm at optimal temperatures

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20
Q

What are the testes made out of and what is that composed of?

A

Seminiferous tubules, arranged into lobules that contain germ cells and Sertoli cells

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21
Q

Where are the Leydig cells found in a descended testes?

A

In the surrounding connective tissue

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22
Q

Layers of the testes

A

Testes, tunica vaginalis (visceral layer, serous membrane cavity from peritoneum, parietal layer)

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23
Q

What does the serous membrane do for the testes?

A

Gives it mobility

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24
Q

Gonads do what?

A

Make sex cells (male) or mature sex cells (female)

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25
Q

When does spermatogenesis end?

A

Never

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26
Q

What is the result of the meiosis of spermatogenesis?

A

haploid spermatids

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27
Q

What changes to spermatids undergo to become mature gametes?

A

Lose cytoplasm, acquire flagellum

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28
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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29
Q

Where do spermatids undergo maturation and motility?

A

Epididymis

30
Q

Where are spermatozoa stored until ejaculation?

A

epididymis, where they can survive for several months

31
Q

What is the tract of the sperm for ejaculation?

A

Epididymis > ductus vas deferens > ejaculatory duct > urethra

32
Q

What glands contribute to make semen?

A

Seminal vesicle, prostate, and bulbourethral

33
Q

What gland holds the seminal vesicles?

A

Prostate

34
Q

What gland contributes to make up most of the semen volume? What percentage? What does it contribute?

A

Seminal vesicles (60%), frucotse as energy for the sperm

35
Q

What two glands contribute to making semen alkaline?

A

Prostate and the bulbourethral

36
Q

What is the importance of alkaline in semen?

A

To enhance spermatazoa survival

37
Q

What are the erectile bodies in the penis? And where are they located?

A

Dorsal corpora cavernosea and ventral corpus spongiosum

38
Q

What structure forms the glans penis?

A

Corpus spongiosum

39
Q

What produces erection?

A

Autonomics

40
Q

What empties the penile urethra?

A

bulbus spongiosum (bulb of the penis muscle)

41
Q

What is responsible for the enlarging of the erectile bodies?

A

parasympathetic-mediated vasodilation

42
Q

What is the vasodilator responsible for erection?

A

Nitric oxide

43
Q

Essentially, what do ED drugs do in regards to nitric oxide?

A

They inhibit the breakdown of nitric oxide’s second messenger; they are phosphodiesterase inhibitors

44
Q

What erectile bodies are responsible for erection?

A

coproa cavernosa

45
Q

In addition to causing vasodilation, what else do parasympathetics do in an erection?

A

Accessory gland secretion

46
Q

Ejaculation and emission are what kind of mediated responses? And what, essentially, is the response?

A

Sympathetic; muscular contraction of the vas deferens

47
Q

What skeletal muscles assist in ejaculation?

A

Ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus

48
Q

What is the “crash” after ejaculation called? And what kind of mediated response is it?

A

Detumescense; sympathetic

49
Q

What is detumescense?

A

Vasoconstriction and decompression of penile veins

50
Q

What kind of nerves are involved in erection and secretion?

A

Parasympathetics via S2-4, pelvic splanchnics

51
Q

What kind of nerves are involved in emission?

A

Sympathetics T11-12; hypogastric nerves

52
Q

What nerves are involved in ejaculation?

A

Somatic, pudendal nerves S2-4

53
Q

What is the typical amount of semen released in ejaculation? And what makes up semen?

A

2-5 mL; spermatozoa and fluids from the accessory glands

54
Q

What gonadotropins (pituitary hormones) regulate sex hormones?

A

FSH and LH

55
Q

What does the hypothalamus release to tell the pituitary gland to start producing gonadotropins?

A

GnRH - gonadotropin-releaseing hormone

56
Q

What does LH do?

A

Triggers hormone production; stimulates androgen secretion in Leydig cells

57
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Triggers gamete production; stimulates spermatogenesis and Sertoli cell function

58
Q

Which gonadotropin is more elevated during reproductive years?

A

LH

59
Q

Which gonadotropin is more elevated during childhood?

A

FSH

60
Q

What has a negative feedback on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to stop testosterone production?

A

testosterone

61
Q

What does FSH produce that creates a negative feedback system on the anterior pituitary?

A

Inhibin

62
Q

Which (testosterone or inhibin) has a stronger impact on a negative feedback?

A

Testosterone

63
Q

What enzyme is required for conversion from testosterone to dihydrotestosterone? And what is the importance of this conversion?

A

5 alpha-reductase; development of male external genitalia, prostate growth, and male hair pattern

64
Q

5 alpha-reductase inhibitors are used for what conditions?

A

BPH and hair loss prevention

65
Q

Though testosterone is produced in the in Leydig cells, what non-androgenic steroid really allows for testosterone production?

A

17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

66
Q

T or F

Testosterone effects are really caused by DHT?

A

F

67
Q

Lack of DHT does what to a male?

A

Limits external genitalia development and male hair patterns

68
Q

What mutation is responsible for 5 alpha-reductase deficiency in the DR?

A

2p23 mutation

69
Q

As a result of a 5 alpha-reductase deficiency, what can happen as the patient grows?

A

Child may be mistaken as a girl, but will grow like a body without a defined scrotum/penis, no body or facial hair

Male pseudohermaphrodite; undescended testes and hypospadia in penis (may look like an enlarged clitoris, but with a “pee hole”)

70
Q

How is 5 alpha-reductase deficiency treated?

A

If they choose to be a male - androgens that don’t require 5 alpha reduction

If they choose to be female - orchiectomy, estrogen therapy, introital correction

Pathophysiology (3 decks)

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