socy exam Flashcards

Question

Rational Choice Theories: Rational choice perspective- What does this perspective explain

Answer 1

Explains offender motivation to crime as an attempt to meet commonplace needs

Answer 2

Decision-making process of determining the opportunities for meeting those needs, the potential costs of action, and the anticipated benefits Full rationality is not required by the perspective, the offender is not assumed to be sophisticated in decision making ^ The offender demonstrates limited rationality

Answer 3

Involvement decisions - The choice is made to become involved in an offence, continue with an offence, or withdraw from an offence - Instrumental in the weighing of costs and benefits

Answer 4

Event decisions - The tactics of carrying out an offence (the demands on the offender) are determined - If tactics are easy, involvement decisions gain potential benefits - If tactics are difficult, the involvement decision loses potential benefits

Answer 5

Based on decreasing opportunity and attractiveness of specific crimes

Answer 6

They recommend drawing up lists of choice structuring properties for various types of crimes Each list would be used to design greater cost about the ecological distribution of crimes and offenders' perceptions of opportunities, costs, and benefits

Answer 7

Popular with governmental circles

Answer 8

"Soft free will" they are classical

Answer 9

Consensus oriented - They assume an individual who decides to commit a crime chooses to behave in opposition to the established order of society Process-oriented Micro-theoretical - Emphasis on the individual making the decision

Answer 10

Free will and individualistic assumption

Answer 11

The interactions between your role expectations and your structural constraints

Answer 12

The norms associated with peoples achieved or determined statuses Come to define how you're supposed to behave

Answer 13

Things that are going to limit or constrain someone's behaviour - economic factors - where you live - family factors

Answer 14

Males fail to understand the importance of gender and sex roles in society

Answer 15

One serves to criticize traditional male, androcentric (male-centered) approaches to studying crime and the traditional operations of the criminal justice system The other is the development of gender-sensitive interpretations of deviance and a consideration of the nature of female criminality

Answer 16

Sisters in Crime (1975) developed the idea that changes in female criminality are the product of changes in the social roles of women in our society theory referred to as the Liberation Theory of Female Criminality not much research supports

Answer 17

variation of gender approach that focuses on opportunities available to females argued that the social, familial and occupational structures of the lives of women have molded the nature of female criminality over time, women will be involved in more employement related crimes looks at the opportunities women have available to participate in crime

Answer 18

"much more is known about gender and crime than is known about age and crime or about race and crime"

Answer 19

females need to be protected for their own good

Answer 20

independence for males and dependence for females

Answer 21

attitudes toward female offenders may account for differential processing and more lenient treatment

Answer 22

substantial evidence that females were treated more leniently than males by the criminal justice system

Answer 23

the fact that women appear to commit far fewer and less serious crimes than their male counterparts

Answer 24

use the role of gender in explaining criminal and delinquent behaviour of both males and females

Answer 25

John Hagen Argues power relationships in a larger society, especially in the workplace, are reflected in the family The relationships one learns in the work world, the methods of establishing authority and dominance over others, are carried home to the family

Answer 26

the more patriarchal the family structure, the greater is the gender gap in delinquent behaviour between sons and daughters

Answer 27

social structure defines the ways in which sex, race, and class are perceived and socially constructed power can vary by role views masculinity and femininity as a fluid construct and crime as "structured action"

Answer 28

Males argued to be katabolic Females argued to be anabolic

Answer 29

1. Experience 2. Security 3. Response 4. Recognition

Answer 30

focus on physiological differences between males and females female criminality has 3 distinct stages, each influenced by the onset of biological changes

Answer 31

1. Menstruation 2. Pregnancy 3. Menopause

Answer 32

Argued that the gender differences in offending found in data sources are not reflective of the actual offending of females

Answer 33

argues that deviant behaviour is rooted in feelings of uncertainty and loneliness related to need to be accepted by members of the opposite sex and approval from those family/friends/relatives

Answer 34

Female offending influenced by broader changes in female behaviour as females gain more access to things that were more male dominated, they will engage in behaviours similar to men

Answer 35

what % of crime do females engage in compared to males ex. in total there were 100 crimes - females committed 10 (10%) - males committed 90 (90%)

Answer 36

How many offences do females engage in compared to males ex. crimes by males is 90 offences, crimes by females is 10 offences and so absolute gap is 80 offences

Answer 37

argue that gender inequality stems from the unequal power of males and females in capitalist society females are controlled by males and considered a commodity similar to land and money

Answer 38

focus on patriarchy patriarchy leads to the subordination of women, male aggression towards women, and the control of women this leads to the exploitation and victimization of women which leads to deviant behaviours (ex. substance use, running away)

Answer 39

capitalist society can be seen as containing both patriarchy and class conflict leads to double marginality which explains why females commit fewer crimes than males but also what types they engage in when they do offend

Answer 40

concerned with explaining gender differences in crime as well as trying to understand those situations where there are similar levels of offending focuses on family types and the differential experiences in socialization in these family types

Answer 41

suggests that people will be socialized to take up certain roles in society sphere of production - risk takers, less deterrable - males sphere of consumption - risk adverse - females

Answer 42

Instrumental control - supervision Relational control - control through quality of relationship

Answer 43

both mother and father work outside of home and have power over others in the work place will socialize children similarly both males and females socialized to take up role in sphere of production (similar rates in crime)

Answer 44

males are subject to different strains than females, males strains being more conducive to crime males have a different emotional response to strain, they're response is more conducive to crime - males make external attributions - females make internal attributions males more likely to respond to anger/strain with crime because different levels on certain conditioning factors

Answer 45

suggests that the causes of crime are the same regardless of group BUT: what may be different is that the exposure to some of the causes may be greater in some groups than others and this explains some of the discrepancies in the numbers from different groups the effects of some factors may be stronger in some groups than others

Answer 46

designed to explain why people in this particular group are more likely to offend than those in other groups core assumption: African Americans share a racialized worldview that recognizes the US as a racist society and that their race matters

Answer 47

1. it undermines the ability of African Americans to develop strong bonds with conventional institutions 2. African Americans who experience racial discrimination should be more likely to express oscillating feelings of anger, defiance, hopelessness, and depression

Answer 48

Racial discrimination can decrease social control and increase negative emotions which decreases self-control and increase association with negative peers in turn, these factors are linked to crime its effect can be direct or indirect through negative consequences

Answer 49

specific verbal and nonverbal messages transmitted to young people for the development of values, attitudes, behaviours and beliefs regarding the significance of race and racial stratification, inter and intra group interactions and personal and group identity transmitted primarily through parents but also can be through community mechanisms

Answer 50

Positive racial identity This can buffer the effect of discrimination

Answer 51

have a positive racial identity and is ill prepared to deal with discrimination

Answer 52

African Americans hold a uniquely disadvantaged social position that is conducive to crime the argument is that this group is proportionately more likely to be in a disadvantaged position, not that ALL people are

Answer 53

people are group involved groups form out of common interests/goals

Answer 54

an individuals likelihood of offending changes across time Noted that important good or bad life events can affect propensity for offending

Answer 55

Chicago School

Answer 56

the "dramatization of evil" suggested that deviant behaviour was not so much a product of the deviant's lack of adjustment to society as it was the fact he or she adjusted to a special group criminal behaviour is a product of the conflict between a group and the community at large "tag" becomes attached when child is caught in delinquent activity the process of tagging criminals helps to create delinquency labelling outlined as process of defining, identifying, and segregating someone and then making them self conscious

Answer 57

deviance can often be in the eye of the beholder because members of various groups have different conceptions of what is right and proper in certain situations there must be reaction to the act

Answer 58

the act itself is not imporant, deviance is a product of others applying rules and laws to a presumed offender deviance is a result of the successful attaching of a label to people not necessary the behaviour exists as long as the reactors believe in its existence

Answer 59

- falsely accused acts didn't exist or were conforming but audience reacted as if they were deviant - pure deviant and conforming deviant acts perception matched reality of act - secret deviant deviance had occured but no reaction or not reacting as deviant

Answer 60

1. the label may catch the attention of the labelling audience, causing the audience to watch and continue the labelling of of the individual 2. the label may be internalized by the individual and lead to an acceptance of a deviant self-concept

Answer 61

Meant that youth were cautioned to avoid this youth or that one because of the implied negative inferences from associating with someone who had already acquired a delinquent reputation

Answer 62

in addition to audience reation, there is the possibility an individual will react to the societally imposed label differentiation in any population, this individuation determines whether the internalization and adoption of the deviant role later occurs road to secondary deviance branches from original deviant act (primary deviation)

Answer 63

master status conveys the notion that there are central traits to people's identities binding us to their other characteristics ex. sex, job, sexuality and where there is deviance, criminal is usually a master status retrospective interpretation provides us with an idea of how identities can be reconstructed to fit a new label ex. shooting at school leads to "he was depressed before"

Answer 64

- processual - classical - variation of conflict assumptions (not consensus) - microtheory

Answer 65

- pluralist - critical-radical

Answer 66

is that of power and its use assumes conflict emerges between groups attempting to exercise control over particular situations or events

Answer 67

they were fields of combat with opposing armies fighting to see who will prevail the matter of resources is crucial and the control of them provides the ability to fight power to affect decisions is synonymous with having resources and those higher up in the social class structure will be the more powerful members of society

Answer 68

if a groups values are embodied in law, it can use that law and its enforcement to its benefit helps keep power with those who already have power those with opposing interests likely to be targets of enforcement agents

Answer 69

saw that groups come into conflict with one another as the interests and purposes they serve tend to overlap, encroach on one another and become competitive

Answer 70

saw social order as a product of powerful groups attempting to control society crime is a status given to norm resisters whose perception of social norms and reality is inadequate to anticipate the result of their actions - the least sophisticated the subjects are, the more likely their interaction with authorities will be characterized by conflict (ex. juvenilles) concept of authority-subject relationships is important in his writings

Answer 71

Coercion/physical force - higher crime rates can be expected when coercion more common than subtle forms of control Control of legal images and living time - society adjusted to new rules, old ppl die out, no comparison between new and old social order

Answer 72

Reality is what we perceive it to be Crime as the product of reaction reaction of most importance is that of authorities

Answer 73

1. definition of crime 2. formulation of criminal definitions 3. application of criminal definitions 4. development of behaviour patterns in relation to criminal definitions 5. construction of criminal conceptions 6. the social reality of crime

Answer 74

a theory of how power groups achieve authority and legitimacy in society social order based on a consensus-coercion balance that is maintained by authorities

Answer 75

set of ideas or beliefs that govern people's lives, maintaining the capitalist system

Answer 76

1. Crimes of domination - crimes by the state or authories 2. Crimes of accomodation - response to exploitation of capitalist system (drugs, hustling, buglary) 3. Crimes of resistence - acting out because people are unhappy (theft of time)

Answer 77

when people first engage in a deviant act but have no yet been labelled as a deviant

Answer 78

Once a person has been labelled, then any deviance that occurs subsequently is secondary deviance

Answer 79

1. change in identity 2. movement into groups with other labelled people who develop subcultural responses to cope with labelling 3. adoption of values supportive of crime 4. structural consequences (damaged employment and educational opportunities)

Answer 80

social process that expresses disapproval of sanctioned act with the intent or effect of invoking more regret in the person shamed sets out to moralize with the offender to communicate the reasons the act is wrong theory is restricted to predatory offences against people and property

Answer 81

it reinforces an offender's membership in the law-abiding community (prevents adoption of master status)

Answer 82

1. maintains bonds of love and respect between parties 2. is directed at "evil of the act rather than the person 3. is delivered in a context of general social approval 4. is terminated with gestures or ceremonies of forgiveness

Answer 83

1. power and resources- lack these more likely to get labelled 2. social distance- more diff indivs more likely to get labelled 3. tolerance- if community tolerates deviance 4. visibility- deviance public or private

Answer 84

Indigenous people overrepresented in criminal justice system