Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

study > socy exam > Flashcards

socy exam Flashcards

1
Q

Rational Theories:
Social Heritage-

criminals seen as people who…

A

were bad and purposefully decided to commit criminal acts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Rational Theories:
Social Heritage-

Country decided that…

A

more severe punishment would help solve the crime problem and so more prisons were built over a short period of time than ever before

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Rational Theories:
Social Heritage-

US declared war on…

A

crime and discovered a drug problem, then declared war on drugs which targeted drug users and sellers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Rational Theories:
Theoretical Perspective

David Matza’s theory?

A

Drift theory
- closest thing to assumption of a rational thinking individual
- “soft determinism” rathee than “soft free will”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Rational Theories:
Theoretical Perspective-

Rational choice theorists talk in terms of..

A

Opportunities, costs, and benefits when discussing offenders’ decisions to commit crimes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Rational Theories:
Theoretical Perspective-

Rational theories seem to share a common belief that…

A

Criminal reality is hedonistic and certain background factors lead to such a result

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Rational Theories:
Theoretical Perspective-

Routine activities theory, names of theorists

A

Advanced by Cohen and Felson

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which theory gained popularity in and became a staple of the 1980s?

A

Rational choice theory, specifically the routine activities theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Rational Theories:
Theoretical Perspective-

The routine activites theory basically states that..

A

The volume of criminal offences is related to the nature of everyday patterns of social interaction

As the pattern of social interaction changes, so does the number of crimes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Who did Cohen and Felson draw on for their work and what theory did they advance?

A

Drew on the work of Hawley who sketched out a popular theory of human ecology

They advanced the routine activities theory within rational choice theories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hawley emphasized the nature of…

A

routine activities as an essential part of everyday life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Rational Theories:
Theoretical Perspective-

Routine activity means?

A

Any commonly occuring social activity providing for basic needs

Ex. child rearing, grocery shopping, sleeping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Rational Theories:
Theoretical Perspective-

As social change disrupts or changes routine activities…

A

Social disorganization can occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Rational Theories:
Theoretical Perspective-

Routine activities theory can be considered a continuation of the work of?

A

The Chicago School

It emphasizes social disorganization and ecology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Rational Theories:
Theoretical Perspective-

Cohen and Felson’s theory has 3 major areas of focus for a predatory criminal event or victimization event, what are they? What else were they concerned with?

A
  1. There must be a motivated offender
  2. There must be a suitable target (something making it worth it)
  3. Must be an absence of a capable guardian (no one present to prevent the crime from occurring)

Additionally, they were concerned with changes in society, particularly those leading to social disorganization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Rational Theories:
Theoretical Perspective-

As routine activities change..

A

So does crime opportunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Rational Theories:
Theoretical Perspective-

Routine activities serve to:

A

Bring offenders and victims into contact and create convergence in time and space of motivated offenders, suitable targets, and absence of guardians

If one of these is missing, crime is less likely to occur and vice versa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Rational Theories:
Theoretical Perspective-

Cohen and Felson also argue that.. (2 things)

A

Because of routine activities, suitable victims are found more frequently in some settings vs others

Changes in American society have resulted in greater interaction with motivated offenders, more suitable targets, and a greater absence of guardians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Rational Theories:
Theoretical Perspective-

Crime hot spots

A

Certain locations are more susceptible because of the type of activities and the amount of social activity present

Reputation of the hot spots leads to fewer people going there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Rational Theories:
Theoretical Perspective-

Theory has been extended to offenders to explain what may facilitate crime

Name theorist and argument

A

Marcus Felson explored implications of routine activities for offenders

“handlers”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Rational Theories:
Theoretical Perspective-

“handlers”

A

Marcus Felson

A combination of an offender having social bonds (handles) and the availability of prosocial adult who can use those handles to restrain offending

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Rational Choice Theories:
Lifestyle theory-

Central question

A

The question of risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Rational Choice Theories:
Lifestyle theory-

Theorist and what they wanted to know

A

Michael Hindelang

Wanted to know why certain groups of people are at greater risk of being victims of crime than others

Answer is that patterned activities or lifestyles of individuals lead to differential victimization rates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Rational Choice Theories:
Lifestyle theory-

Lifestyles influenced by 3 basic elements

A
  1. The social roles played by people in society (people conduct themselves in certain ways and construct lifestyles more or less conducive to victimization based on the expectations of others)
  2. Position in the social structure (activities one engages in and places they go)
  3. A “rational component” (decisions made about which behaviours are desirable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Rational Choice Theories:
Rational choice perspective-

What does this perspective explain

A

Explains offender motivation to crime as an attempt to meet commonplace needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Rational Choice Theories:
Rational choice perspective-

Rationality is the…?

A

Decision-making process of determining the opportunities for meeting those needs, the potential costs of action, and the anticipated benefits

Full rationality is not required by the perspective, the offender is not assumed to be sophisticated in decision making
^ The offender demonstrates limited rationality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Rational Choice Theories:
Rational choice perspective-

Separation of decision making (2 areas), what is the first area?

A

Involvement decisions
- The choice is made to become involved in an offence, continue with an offence, or withdraw from an offence
- Instrumental in the weighing of costs and benefits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Rational Choice Theories:
Rational choice perspective-

Separation of decision making (2 areas), what is the second?

A

Event decisions
- The tactics of carrying out an offence (the demands on the offender) are determined
- If tactics are easy, involvement decisions gain potential benefits
- If tactics are difficult, the involvement decision loses potential benefits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Rational Choice Theories:
Rational choice perspective-

Crime prevention under this model is based on…?

A

Based on decreasing opportunity and attractiveness of specific crimes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Rational Choice Theories:
Rational choice perspective-

What do Cornish and Clarke recommend doing?

A

They recommend drawing up lists of choice structuring properties for various types of crimes

Each list would be used to design greater cost about the ecological distribution of crimes and offenders’ perceptions of opportunities, costs, and benefits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Rational Choice Theories:
Rational choice perspective-

This theory is popular where/with who?

A

Popular with governmental circles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Rational Choice Theories are characterized by?

A

“Soft free will”

they are classical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Orientation of Rational Choice Theories?

A

Consensus oriented
- They assume an individual who decides to commit a crime chooses to behave in opposition to the established order of society

Process-oriented

Micro-theoretical
- Emphasis on the individual making the decision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Most distinctive features of Rational Choice Theories?

A

Free will and individualistic assumption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Routine Activities and Lifestyle Exposure (Lecture)

What is key here?

A

The interactions between your role expectations and your structural constraints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Routine Activities and Lifestyle Exposure (Lecture)

What are role expectations?

A

The norms associated with peoples achieved or determined statuses

Come to define how you’re supposed to behave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Routine Activities and Lifestyle Exposure (Lecture)

What are structural constraints?

A

Things that are going to limit or constrain someone’s behaviour
- economic factors
- where you live
- family factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Gender-based Theories:

Most important point for all feminist perspectives

A

Males fail to understand the importance of gender and sex roles in society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Gender-based Theories:

Gender perspective has two basic functions

A

One serves to criticize traditional male, androcentric (male-centered) approaches to studying crime and the traditional operations of the criminal justice system

The other is the development of gender-sensitive interpretations of deviance and a consideration of the nature of female criminality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Freda Adler

A

Sisters in Crime (1975)

developed the idea that changes in female criminality are the product of changes in the social roles of women in our society

theory referred to as the Liberation Theory of Female Criminality

not much research supports

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Rita James Simon

A

variation of gender approach that focuses on opportunities available to females

argued that the social, familial and occupational structures of the lives of women have molded the nature of female criminality

over time, women will be involved in more employement related crimes

looks at the opportunities women have available to participate in crime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Steffensmeier and Allan claim that…

A

“much more is known about gender and crime than is known about age and crime or about race and crime”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Gender-based Theories:
Paternalism suggests that…

A

females need to be protected for their own good

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Gender-based Theories:

A paternalistic society is organized around…

A

independence for males and dependence for females

45
Q

Gender-based Theories:

in the cjs, chivalry implies that..

A

attitudes toward female offenders may account for differential processing and more lenient treatment

46
Q

Gender-based theories:

Daly found..

A

substantial evidence that females were treated more leniently than males by the criminal justice system

47
Q

Gender gap

A

the fact that women appear to commit far fewer and less serious crimes than their male counterparts

48
Q

Gender-based theories

A

use the role of gender in explaining criminal and delinquent behaviour of both males and females

49
Q

Gender-based Theories:

Power control theory theorist and argument

A

John Hagen

Argues power relationships in a larger society, especially in the workplace, are reflected in the family

The relationships one learns in the work world, the methods of establishing authority and dominance over others, are carried home to the family

50
Q

What does power-control theory predict?

A

the more patriarchal the family structure, the greater is the gender gap in delinquent behaviour between sons and daughters

51
Q

James Messerschmidt arguments

A

social structure defines the ways in which sex, race, and class are perceived and socially constructed

power can vary by role

views masculinity and femininity as a fluid construct and crime as “structured action”

52
Q

The Unadjusted Girl (Thomas)

A

Males argued to be katabolic

Females argued to be anabolic

53
Q

Four categories of wish fulfillment (Thomas)

A
  1. Experience
  2. Security
  3. Response
  4. Recognition
54
Q

The devious female (Pollack)

A

focus on physiological differences between males and females

female criminality has 3 distinct stages, each influenced by the onset of biological changes

55
Q

Female criminality 3 distinct stages (pollack)

A
  1. Menstruation
  2. Pregnancy
  3. Menopause
56
Q

The Chivalry Hypothesis

A

Argued that the gender differences in offending found in data sources are not reflective of the actual offending of females

57
Q

Family conflict (Konopka)

A

argues that deviant behaviour is rooted in feelings of uncertainty and loneliness

related to need to be accepted by members of the opposite sex and approval from those family/friends/relatives

58
Q

Contemporary Theories:

Liberal Feminist (Adler)

A

Female offending influenced by broader changes in female behaviour

as females gain more access to things that were more male dominated, they will engage in behaviours similar to men

59
Q

Relative gap

A

what % of crime do females engage in compared to males

ex. in total there were 100 crimes
- females committed 10 (10%)
- males committed 90 (90%)

60
Q

Absolute gap

A

How many offences do females engage in compared to males

ex. crimes by males is 90 offences, crimes by females is 10 offences and so absolute gap is 80 offences

61
Q

Marxist feminist views

A

argue that gender inequality stems from the unequal power of males and females in capitalist society

females are controlled by males and considered a commodity similar to land and money

62
Q

Radical feminists

A

focus on patriarchy

patriarchy leads to the subordination of women, male aggression towards women, and the control of women

this leads to the exploitation and victimization of women which leads to deviant behaviours (ex. substance use, running away)

63
Q

Double marginality

A

capitalist society can be seen as containing both patriarchy and class conflict

leads to double marginality which explains why females commit fewer crimes than males but also what types they engage in when they do offend

64
Q

Power control theory (hagan)

A

concerned with explaining gender differences in crime as well as trying to understand those situations where there are similar levels of offending

focuses on family types and the differential experiences in socialization in these family types

65
Q

Power control theory (Hagan)

Socialization experiences
(two spheres)

A

suggests that people will be socialized to take up certain roles in society

sphere of production
- risk takers, less deterrable
- males

sphere of consumption
- risk adverse
- females

66
Q

Power control theory (Hagan)

methods of socialization

A

Instrumental control
- supervision

Relational control
- control through quality of relationship

67
Q

ideal type egalitarian family

A

both mother and father work outside of home and have power over others in the work place

will socialize children similarly

both males and females socialized to take up role in sphere of production (similar rates in crime)

68
Q

Gender and crime: a general strain perspective
(Broidy and Agnew)

why are males more criminal than females

A

males are subject to different strains than females, males strains being more conducive to crime

males have a different emotional response to strain, they’re response is more conducive to crime
- males make external attributions
- females make internal attributions

males more likely to respond to anger/strain with crime because different levels on certain conditioning factors

69
Q

Racial invariance hypothesis

A

suggests that the causes of crime are the same regardless of group
BUT:
what may be different is that the exposure to some of the causes may be greater in some groups than others and this explains some of the discrepancies in the numbers from different groups

the effects of some factors may be stronger in some groups than others

70
Q

Theory of African American Offending (Unnever and Gabbidon)

A

designed to explain why people in this particular group are more likely to offend than those in other groups

core assumption: African Americans share a racialized worldview that recognizes the US as a racist society and that their race matters

71
Q

Racial discrimination increases the probability of African American offending in two ways

A
  1. it undermines the ability of African Americans to develop strong bonds with conventional institutions
  2. African Americans who experience racial discrimination should be more likely to express oscillating feelings of anger, defiance, hopelessness, and depression
72
Q

Racial discrimination can decrease ___ ___ and increase ___ ___ which decreases ____ ___ and increase association with ____

A

Racial discrimination can decrease social control and increase negative emotions which decreases self-control and increase association with negative peers

in turn, these factors are linked to crime

its effect can be direct or indirect through negative consequences

73
Q

Racial socialization

A

specific verbal and nonverbal messages transmitted to young people for the development of values, attitudes, behaviours and beliefs regarding the significance of race and racial stratification, inter and intra group interactions and personal and group identity

transmitted primarily through parents but also can be through community mechanisms

74
Q

Racial socialization is consistently linked with a?

A

Positive racial identity

This can buffer the effect of discrimination

75
Q

Racial discrimination is more likely to lead to offending when the person does not…

A

have a positive racial identity and is ill prepared to deal with discrimination

76
Q

General strain theory and race (Kaufman, Rebellon, Thaxton, and Agnew)

Underlying assumption:

A

African Americans hold a uniquely disadvantaged social position that is conducive to crime

the argument is that this group is proportionately more likely to be in a disadvantaged position, not that ALL people are

77
Q

Group conflict theory (Vold)

A

people are group involved

groups form out of common interests/goals

78
Q

Modern developmental theories argue that…

A

an individuals likelihood of offending changes across time

Noted that important good or bad life events can affect propensity for offending

79
Q

Labelling theory reflected what perspective

A

Chicago School

80
Q

Tannenbaum

A

the “dramatization of evil”

suggested that deviant behaviour was not so much a product of the deviant’s lack of adjustment to society as it was the fact he or she adjusted to a special group

criminal behaviour is a product of the conflict between a group and the community at large

“tag” becomes attached when child is caught in delinquent activity

the process of tagging criminals helps to create delinquency

labelling outlined as process of defining, identifying, and segregating someone and then making them self conscious

81
Q

Becker saw that…

A

deviance can often be in the eye of the beholder because members of various groups have different conceptions of what is right and proper in certain situations

there must be reaction to the act

82
Q

Becker’s statement

A

the act itself is not imporant, deviance is a product of others applying rules and laws to a presumed offender

deviance is a result of the successful attaching of a label to people

not necessary the behaviour exists as long as the reactors believe in its existence

83
Q

Becker- 4 types of deviant behaviour

A
  • falsely accused acts
    didn’t exist or were conforming but audience reacted as if they were deviant
  • pure deviant and conforming deviant acts
    perception matched reality of act
  • secret deviant
    deviance had occured but no reaction or not reacting as deviant
84
Q

Labelling also creates deviant behaviour through 2 ways:

A
  1. the label may catch the attention of the labelling audience, causing the audience to watch and continue the labelling of of the individual
  2. the label may be internalized by the individual and lead to an acceptance of a deviant self-concept
85
Q

Courtesy stigma- Goffman

A

Meant that youth were cautioned to avoid this youth or that one because of the implied negative inferences from associating with someone who had already acquired a delinquent reputation

86
Q

Lemert’s secondary deviance

A

in addition to audience reation, there is the possibility an individual will react to the societally imposed label

differentiation in any population, this individuation determines whether the internalization and adoption of the deviant role later occurs

road to secondary deviance branches from original deviant act (primary deviation)

87
Q

Master status and retrospective interpretation by Huges and Becker

A

master status conveys the notion that there are central traits to people’s identities binding us to their other characteristics
ex. sex, job, sexuality and
where there is deviance, criminal is usually a master status

retrospective interpretation provides us with an idea of how identities can be reconstructed to fit a new label
ex. shooting at school leads to “he was depressed before”

88
Q

Labelling theory classification

A
  • processual
  • classical
  • variation of conflict assumptions (not consensus)
  • microtheory
89
Q

Two general forms of conflict theory

A
  • pluralist
  • critical-radical
90
Q

Pluralist conflict perspective central concept

A

is that of power and its use

assumes conflict emerges between groups attempting to exercise control over particular situations or events

91
Q

pluralist conflict perspective views social issues almost as though..

A

they were fields of combat with opposing armies fighting to see who will prevail

the matter of resources is crucial and the control of them provides the ability to fight

power to affect decisions is synonymous with having resources and those higher up in the social class structure will be the more powerful members of society

92
Q

how does law represent a resource in pluralist conflict perspectives

A

if a groups values are embodied in law, it can use that law and its enforcement to its benefit

helps keep power with those who already have power

those with opposing interests likely to be targets of enforcement agents

93
Q

Vold’s theory emphasizing the group nature of soiety and the various competing interests of those groups:

A

saw that groups come into conflict with one another as the interests and purposes they serve tend to overlap, encroach on one another and become competitive

94
Q

Turk (pluralist conflict theories)

A

saw social order as a product of powerful groups attempting to control society

crime is a status given to norm resisters whose perception of social norms and reality is inadequate to anticipate the result of their actions
- the least sophisticated the subjects are, the more likely their interaction with authorities will be characterized by conflict (ex. juvenilles)

concept of authority-subject relationships is important in his writings

95
Q

Two major ways in which control can be exerted over a society -Turk

A

Coercion/physical force
- higher crime rates can be expected when coercion more common than subtle forms of control

Control of legal images and living time
- society adjusted to new rules, old ppl die out, no comparison between new and old social order

96
Q

Pluralist conflict theory by Quinney

A

Reality is what we perceive it to be

Crime as the product of reaction

reaction of most importance is that of authorities

97
Q

Quinney’s Social reality of crime

6 things

A
  1. definition of crime
  2. formulation of criminal definitions
  3. application of criminal definitions
  4. development of behaviour patterns in relation to criminal definitions
  5. construction of criminal conceptions
  6. the social reality of crime
98
Q

Theory of criminalization (Turk)

A

a theory of how power groups achieve authority and legitimacy in society

social order based on a consensus-coercion balance that is maintained by authorities

99
Q

Radical conflict theory (Quinney)

A

set of ideas or beliefs that govern people’s lives, maintaining the capitalist system

100
Q

Different types of crime according to Quinney (3)

A
  1. Crimes of domination
    - crimes by the state or authories
  2. Crimes of accomodation
    - response to exploitation of capitalist system (drugs, hustling, buglary)
  3. Crimes of resistence
    - acting out because people are unhappy (theft of time)
101
Q
A
102
Q

Primary deviance

A

when people first engage in a deviant act but have no yet been labelled as a deviant

103
Q

Secondary deviance

A

Once a person has been labelled, then any deviance that occurs subsequently is secondary deviance

104
Q

Consequences of labelling

A
  1. change in identity
  2. movement into groups with other labelled people who develop subcultural responses to cope with labelling
  3. adoption of values supportive of crime
  4. structural consequences (damaged employment and educational opportunities)
105
Q

Crime, shame and reintegration

A

social process that expresses disapproval of sanctioned act with the intent or effect of invoking more regret in the person shamed

sets out to moralize with the offender to communicate the reasons the act is wrong

theory is restricted to predatory offences against people and property

106
Q

Shaming is reintegrative when

A

it reinforces an offender’s membership in the law-abiding community (prevents adoption of master status)

107
Q

Shaming is stigmatizing when it does not contain these four characteristics

A
  1. maintains bonds of love and respect between parties
  2. is directed at “evil of the act rather than the person
  3. is delivered in a context of general social approval
  4. is terminated with gestures or ceremonies of forgiveness
108
Q

Factors that influence who gets labelled

A
  1. power and resources- lack these more likely to get labelled
  2. social distance- more diff indivs more likely to get labelled
  3. tolerance- if community tolerates deviance
  4. visibility- deviance public or private
109
Q

In Canadian society, who is more likely to be labelled

A

Indigenous people

overrepresented in criminal justice system

study (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions