Socrates And Platon Flashcards
Socrates (469-399 BCE)
- Contributions:
- Redirection of psychological thinking.
- Shift from explaining in terms of environmental elements to internal qualities of humans.
- Imperative: “Know thyself!”
- Significance in rational ethics.
Education and Life of Socrates
- Upbringing in a family with artistic and philosophical interests.
- Simplicity of life and impact on history.
- Exemplar of wisdom and civic behavior.
Socrates and Plato
- Great mentor through his disciples.
- Immortalized through the image portrayed by Plato.
- Ideas and life cherished and reproduced with love.
Aristotle on Socrates
- Socrates laid the foundations of science through inductive speeches and definition by generalization.
- Generalization as a human activity to reduce uncertainty and establish clarity.
- Categorization or the invariant in conceptual cognition.
Death and Recovery of Socrates
- Condemned to death for defying the gods.
- Recovered in history for the enthusiasm and argumentation that “polished” the image of man.
- Socrates asserted man on the throne of faith in happiness.
Socrates’ Impact on Psychology
- The “brainstorming” technique in psychology.
- Permissiveness of ideas, questions, and appreciations similar to the Socratic approach.
- Virtue learned and the dethroning of the omnipotence of gods in favor of humanity.
Socratic Psychological Vision
- The immortal soul and its divine non-dependence.
- Pillars of dignified life: the work of good, the sense of happiness, and the idea of divinity.
- Socrates sheds light on the positive essence of humanity.
Socrates’ Impact on the Evolution of Human Thought
- Concept as a specific human force.
- Discovery of causal laws on the verge of the Renaissance.
- Inability to imagine the human mind without concepts and laws, thanks to the contributions of Socrates, Aristotle, and Galileo Galilei.
Psychological Thinking of Plato
Model of an honest disciple honoring his mentor.
Focus on psychological issues, self-awareness, and “depths of the spirit.”
Born into a major social upheaval period after Pericle’s era, marked by class conflicts and the Peloponnesian War.
Plato’s Early Life and Education
Born into an aristocratic family around 428 BCE in Athens.
Started philosophy studies at a young age, becoming Socrates’ disciple at 20.
Traveled extensively, founded the Academy upon returning to Athens.
Plato’s Respectful Disciple Relationship with Socrates
Socrates’ condemnation led Plato to honor his mentor’s legacy.
Plato’s written works, largely preserved, reflect both genius and honesty.
Conceptualizes the mentor-disciple relationship as “light from light.”
Plato’s Concept of the Soul
Lived during a period of heightened social and human issues.
Proposes conservative, utopian, and psychologizing rationalizations.
Formulates a functionalist model of the soul, applied to the macro-social system.
Plato’s Impact on History and Ideals
Considered a reactionary but revered by Renaissance humanists and 19th-century utopian socialists.
Systematically expanded human thought, influencing philosophy and religion for centuries.
Unity and Good identified with “existence,” generating the concept of the “Form of the Good.”
Plato’s Psychological Framework
Views on memory, perception, and imagination.
Central role of ideas and their metaphysical existence.
Generalizes the concept, labeled by contemporaries as a pioneer of idealism in philosophy.
Plato’s Epistemology and Cognition
Metafora of the Cave: Objects as shadows, understanding reality through innate notions.
Philosophy as cognitive psychology, addressing how humans acquire concepts, opinions, and beliefs.
Types of activities for knowledge acquisition: direct intuition, discursive reason, sensible intuition, and imagination.
