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Istoria Psihologiei > II > Flashcards

II Flashcards

1
Q

Views on the Soul in Ancient Greece

A

Contained within the unified body of scientific and philosophical knowledge.
Various definitions: subtle matter (Democritus) or idea/form (Plato).
Essence and principle of life

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2
Q

Periods of Ancient Greece

A

Primitive (8th – 6th centuries BCE).
Classical (6th – 3rd centuries BCE).
Hellenistic (3rd – 1st centuries BCE).

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3
Q

The School of Miletus

A

Marks the transition from cosmogonic conceptions to naturalistic-logical representations.
Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes - the concept of the unity of nature.

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4
Q

Aristotle and the Soul

A

Reproduces Thales’ definition: the soul is material but incorporeal and endowed with movement.
Thales compared the soul to magnetic force.

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5
Q

Pythagoras and Natural Law

A

Pythagoras substitutes the principle of water with number.
The human soul - a part of the universal soul.

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6
Q

Heraclitus of Ephesus

A

The struggle of opposites - birth, preservation, life, development.
The soul - a warm, light, and dry breath, the principle of life.

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7
Q

The Eleatic School and Parmenides

A

Doctrine opposing Heraclitus’ dialectic.
Rational knowledge perceives a distinct existence from change.

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8
Q

Empedocles

A

Formulates the hypothesis of the “infinite combinations of primary elements.”
Motive forces: love (unifying) and discord (separating).

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9
Q

Democritus of Abdera (460 – 370 BCE)

A

Materialist determinism in the soul-body and cognition relationship.
Erudite figure in various fields: geometry, cosmology, psychology, medicine, botany, zoology, music.
Key works: “The Great Order of the World” and “On the Nature of the World.”

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10
Q

Fundamental Ideas of Democritus

A

Matter is one, constituted of atoms in perpetual motion towards infinite variety.
Rejection of Anaxagoras’ dualism and Eleatics’ absolute and inert unity.
Atoms and void as the two certain, imperishable realities.

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11
Q

Democritus’ Notable Contribution

A

Shift from qualitative factors (hot, cold) to controllable physics - extension and impenetrability.
Introduction of causality alongside necessity, lawfulness, and order.

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12
Q

Soul According to Democritus

A

Material nature, composed of very subtle and mobile spherical atoms (resembling fire).
Monistic view of the identity between body and soul.
Mortal soul, disappearing with the body

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13
Q

Democritus on Sensation and Thought

A

Shared idea with Heraclitus and Empedocles - emanations of atoms from things to organisms and vice versa.
Variation simplified as the movement, association, and dissociation of atoms

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14
Q

Philosophical Significance of Democritus

A

Primacy of thought in truth and authenticity.
Contribution to an anthropological orientation in Greek philosophy, anticipating an alternative to Plato’s idealism.

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15
Q

5th Century BCE - A Pivotal Era

A

Athens unified after victory over Persians, flourishing in democracy.
Golden Age of Pericles and the brightest epoch for philosophical-psychological meditation.
Emphasis on individuality, virtue, knowledge, and the humanistic dimension.

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16
Q

Protagoras and the Sophists

A

Protagoras, a “merchant of wisdom,” challenges Eleatics.
Identifies the soul with sensations, qualifying them as accurate.
Solipsistic stance: “only what is felt exists.”

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17
Q

Protagoras’ Epistemology
L

A

Idealist relativism regarding perceptual data.
Productivity in applying solipsism to geometric axioms and definitions.

18
Q

Criticism and Empirical Morality of the Sophists

A

Aristotelic criticism of the relativistic maxim.
Diogenes Laertius critiques Protagoras’ argumentation as morally and intellectually destructive.
Sophists theorize an empirical morality but introduce socially determined value criteria.

19
Q

Gorgias - Philosopher, Orator, and Language Theorist

A

Emphasized the problem of symbol value in knowledge and communication.
Questioned the truth value of language due to the sensory limitations of hearing symbols.

20
Q

Sophists and Epistemology

A

Nominalism forced by sophists contributed significantly to the formation of verbal intelligence and grammar identity.
Recognition of the distinction between thought and reality.

21
Q

Socrates (469 – 399 BCE)

A

Shifted psychological thinking from explaining in terms of elements like air, fire, and atomic motion to internal qualities like intellect, concept, aspiration, and happiness.
Centralized ethical rationalism with the imperative “Know Thyself.”

22
Q

Socratic Legacy

A

Simplicity in life, civic behavior, and mentoring.
Impact transcends time, portrayed by Plato, fostering wisdom and civic virtue.

23
Q

Aristotel’s View on Socrates

A

Considered Socrates as laying the foundations of science through inductive reasoning and general definition.
Recognized the importance of Socratic dialogues in philosophy.

24
Q

Socratic Period - A Pivotal Era

A

The Golden Age of Athens with a unified state, flourishing democracy, and profound philosophical-psychological reflection.
Shifting emphasis from nature to human concerns

25
Q

Socratic Contribution to Knowledge and Education

A

Introduced the idea that knowledge can be provoked and produced.
Emphasized education as a formative process, contributing to individual and societal progress.

26
Q

Socratic Vision of Humanity

A

Challenged divine permanence, placing human virtues and knowledge at the center.
Defined human essence positively: “No one errs willingly, but by ignorance.”

27
Q

Aristotle’s Critique of Plato

A

Acknowledges a relationship between body and soul similar to that between an instrument and its functioning.
Rejects the cosmic priority of the soul over the body, denying exclusivity to the human soul for transmitting experiential and potential heritage from parents to children.

28
Q

Plato’s Philosophy as Cognitive Psychology

A

Plato’s philosophy considered predominantly as cognitive psychology.
Focus on how individuals acquire concepts, opinions, and beliefs.

29
Q

Plato’s Views on Knowledge

A

Three main objectives in cognitive psychology: direct intuition of ideas, discursive reasoning, sensory intuition, and imagination.
Concepts and mathematical ideas hold a special place in Plato’s philosophy.

30
Q

Contemporary Psychology - Figural Concepts

A

Contemporary phrase “figural concepts” introduced by E. Fischbein.
Thinking as a discourse, a sequence of concepts used for questioning, answering, affirming, and denying

31
Q

Language as a Product of Intelligence

A

Language as a product of intelligence, serving the needs of internal and external discourse.
Onomatopoeia as an argument for the genesis of language, evolving from primitive names to intelligible exercise

32
Q

Idealism - Ideas and Knowledge

A

Central thesis of objective idealism: ideas known virtually to our spirit from previous existences.
Knowledge is a revelation of spiritual restoration, facilitated by contact with the sensible world and reception of discourses.

33
Q

Plato’s Metaphor of Memory in Philebus

A

Soul as a book where memory, like a scribe, records dictated content from the senses, illustrated with images.
Reminiscence explained through contiguity and similarity.

34
Q

Imagination and its Treatment

A

Imagination seen as a transformation of ideas into sensible representations.
Described as a degradation of knowledge into dream states, hallucinations, delirium, enthusiasm, intoxication, love, and poetic inspiration.

35
Q

Creative Impulse and Poetic Grace

A

Creative impulse linked not to imagination but to aptitudes and talent, viewed as divine and even demonic endowment.
Poetic grace described as a different kind of delirium, where the poet experiences the love of truth and beauty simultaneously.

36
Q

Philosopher and Poet Synthesis

A

Philosopher and poet achieving a synthesis of Truth and Beauty.
Their souls guided by the principle of generous, moral, and non-violent inclinations.

37
Q

Treatment of Organic Appetites

A

Organic appetites contrasted with the principle, representing the irascible part of the soul.
Inclined towards belligerence, glory, bodily desires, and wealth.

38
Q

Pleasure, Pain, and Indifference

A

Pleasure, pain, and indifference are soul states related to the organization of the soul as a system.
Acknowledges the relative nature and emotional conditioning in the realm of affectivity.

39
Q

Plato’s Moral Ideals and Critique

A

Warns against excess pleasure leading to corruption and alienation.
Virtue lies in each person’s power, seeking Truth and Goodness leads to virtue, freedom, and happiness.

40
Q

Plato’s Influence on Morality and Christianity

A

The idea of confessed error to diminish sin, submission to laws, and resignation to judicial sanctions.
Idealistic principles embraced and revered by Christianity, contributing to the development of modern sciences.

Istoria Psihologiei (5 decks)

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