sociology unit 2 all vocab Flashcards
the status a person chooses, such as a level of education or income
achieved status
societies that rely on farming as a way of life
agricultural societies
an individual’s isolation from his society, his work, and his sense of self
alienation
a situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness
anomie
the status outside of an individual’s control, such as sex or race
ascribed status
the owners of the means of production in a society
bourgeoisie
a way of organizing an economy so that the things that are used to make and transport products (such as land, oil, factories, ships, etc.) are owned by individual people and companies rather than by the government
capitalism
the awareness of one’s rank in society
class consciousness
the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society
collective conscience
a condition in which the beliefs, ideals, or ideology of a person are not in the person’s own best interest
false consciousness
societies that operate on a strict hierarchical system of power based around land ownership and protection
feudal societies
the idea that society is constructed by us and those before us, and it is followed like a habit
habitualization
societies based around the cultivation of plants
horticultural societies
societies that depend on hunting wild animals and gathering uncultivated plants for survival
hunter-gatherer societies
societies characterized by a reliance on mechanized labor to create material goods
industrial societies
societies based on the production of nonmaterial goods and services
information societies
the act of implanting a convention or norm into society
institutionalization
a situation in which an individual is trapped by social institutions
iron cage
our reflection of how we think we appear to others
looking-glass self
a type of social order maintained by the collective consciousness of a culture
mechanical solidarity
a type of social order based around an acceptance of economic and social differences
organic solidarity
societies based around the domestication of animals
pastoral societies
the laborers in a society
proletariat
a belief that modern society should be built around logic and efficiency rather than morality or tradition
rationalization
a situation when one or more of an individual’s roles clash
role conflict
the expression of a role
role performance
stress that occurs when too much is required of a single role
role strain
an array of roles attached to a particular status
role-set
patterns of behavior that are representative of a person’s social status
roles
an idea that becomes true when acted upon
self-fulfilling prophecy
how strongly a person is connected to his or her social group
social integration
a group of people who live in a definable community and share the same cultural components
society
the responsibilities and benefits that a person experiences according to his or her rank and role in society
status
how a subjective reality can drive events to develop in accordance with that reality, despite being originally unsupported by objective reality
Thomas theorem
the way we prepare for future life roles
anticipatory socialization
the process by which new members of a total institution lose aspects of their old identities and are given new ones
degradation ceremony
the common behavioral expectations of general society
generalized other
the informal teaching done in schools that socializes children to societal norms
hidden curriculum
the way people learn what is “good” and “bad” in society
moral development
the influence of our genetic makeup on self-development
nature
the role that our social environment plays in self-development
nurture
a group made up of people who are similar in age and social status and who share interests
peer group
the process by which old behaviors are removed and new behaviors are learned in their place
resocialization
a person’s distinct sense of identity as developed through social interaction
self
the process wherein people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept society’s beliefs, and to be aware of societal values
socialization
a collection of people who exist in the same place at the same time, but who don’t interact or share a sense of identity
aggregate
a leader who issues orders and assigns tasks
authoritarian leader
formal organizations characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules, and impersonality.
bureaucracies
people who share similar characteristics but who are not connected in any way
category
the fact that each individual in a bureaucracy has a specialized task to perform
clear division of labor
organizations that people do not voluntarily join, such as prison or a mental hospital
coercive organizations
the extent to which an individual complies with group or societal norms
conformity
a leader who encourages group participation and consensus-building before moving into action
democratic leader
a two-member group
dyad
the types of rules in a bureaucracy; rules that are outlined, recorded, and standardized
explicit rules
a group function that serves an emotional need
expressive function
eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
expressive leader
large, impersonal organizations
formal organizations
any collection of at least two people who interact with some frequency and who share some sense of aligned identity
group
a clear chain of command found in a bureaucracy
hierarchy of authority
the removal of personal feelings from a professional situation
impersonality
a group a person belongs to and feels is an integral part of his identity
in-group
being oriented toward a task or goal
instrumental function
a leader who is goal oriented with a primary focus on accomplishing tasks
instrumental leader
the theory that an organization is ruled by a few elites rather than through collaboration
Iron Rule of Oligarchy
a hands-off leader who allows members of the group to make their own decisions
laissez-faire leader
the main focus or goal of a leader
leadership function
the style a leader uses to achieve goals or elicit action from group members
leadership style
the increasing presence of the fast food business model in common social institutions
McDonaldization of Society
a bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on merit—proven and documented skills
meritocracy
organizations that people join to pursue shared interests or because they provide some intangible rewards
normative or voluntary organizations
organizations that people join to pursue shared interests or because they provide some intangible rewards
normative or voluntary organizations
a group that an individual is not a member of, and may even compete with
out-group
small, informal groups of people who are closest to us
primary groups
groups to which an individual compares herself
reference groups
larger and more impersonal groups that are task-focused and time limited
secondary groups
an organization in which participants live a controlled lifestyle and in which total resocialization occurs
total institution
a three-member group
triad
organizations that are joined to fill a specific material need
utilitarian organizations
