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Body Systems > Sociology midterm-deck2 > Flashcards

Sociology midterm-deck2 Flashcards

1
Q

Socialization

A

the process by which a person internalizes the
larger values and beliefs of society, and
learns how to function within it

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2
Q

Sociological perspective

A 
locates individual in time and space
we are shaped by historical and social contexts
our identities are gendered
what we see could be something else
social interactions make us who we are
society provides script for interactions
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3
Q

self-fulfilling prophesy

A

statement/belief may alter our actions and become true as a result
we become what we practice being

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4
Q

gender socialization

A

gender is sex-based, but socially constructed
based on gender stereotypes
tendency to favor same-sex activities over those of the other sex
a performance, something you “do”

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5
Q

Gender social constraints

A

control males and females
females controlled by attire/beauty/thinness
males constrained by lack of emotion, pressure to be breadwinners

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6
Q

nature/nurture debate concerning males vs. females

A

nature: gender shaped by genetics, different body structure, differences in hormones based on sex
nurture: effect of socialization shapes the gender of people

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7
Q

Deviance

A

non-conforming attitudes, behaviors, conditions

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8
Q

Crime

A

non-legal attitudes, behaviors, condtions

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9
Q

Society of Saints (Durkheim)

A

Imagine a world without deviance or crime
Society w/o crime not possible
Behavior on a bell curve- would increase sensitivity to what defined as crime
We would just adjust the bar to what is crime
we need crime in order to know what the rules are in society

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10
Q

Formal sanctions

A

crime may lead to prosecution which then can result in consequences such as prison

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11
Q

Prisons as Total Institutions

A

Isolation
Total control
Total authority

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12
Q

Discredited deviant stigma

A

when you’ve been caught for deviance; label already applied

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13
Q

Discreditable deviant stigma

A

deviant hasn’t yet been discovered for deviance

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14
Q

Deviance of an eating disorder

A
  1. Primary deviance-denial of label
  2. secondary- acceptance of label
  3. tertiary- embracement of label
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15
Q

Crime

A

act or omission that violates criminal law

punishable by state

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16
Q

Types of crime

A

violent crime
crime against property
victimless crime

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17
Q

Act requirement

A

mind and body must be working together
has to be an action-just having a status is not illegal
failure to act can also be a crime

18
Q

Legal Requirement

A

act must be legislated against prior to action

19
Q

Harm Requirement

A

law created to avoid detrimental consequences

20
Q

Causation Requirement

A

actor must cause the result (harm) through their own efforts

has to be direct result, not intervening variable

21
Q

Mens Rea requirement

A

must have knowledge of act as unlawful
“guilty mind”
except for strict liability laws that govern murder, rape, bad crimes

22
Q

Concurrence requirement

A

criminal act must be accompanied with equally criminal mind, many exceptions

23
Q

Punishment requirement

A

punishable by state

24
Q

Measuring crime

A

Official statistics: Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
victimization survey
self-report surveys

25
Q

Index crimes (where most stats come from)

A

homocide, rape, robbery, burglary, aggravated assault, larceny, motor vehicle theft, arson

26
Q

Dark figure

A

Most crime goes unrecognized, underreported, unrecorded
left with data that leaves out much of crime
estimated 3x more crime than reported

27
Q

Functionalist perspective on crime

A

Crime necessary for social order
If it didn’t “work” for society, it wouldn’t exist
Crime leads to punishment which results in society majority accepting moral rules

28
Q

Conflict perspective on crime

A

criminal law intertwined with political power and economic resources
laws against acts that threaten the elite

29
Q

Consensus perspective on crime

A

law reflects broad agreements
represents shared values and norms
interest of public, not elite

30
Q

Social constructionist perspective on crime

A

different groups use resources to gain ownership over an issue
crime defined through interaction, not looking at behavior objectively
whether or not something is right/wrong depends on situation

31
Q

U.S. Prison Population

A

larger amount per capita than anywhere else

due to war on drugs and long sentence for other non-violent crimes

32
Q

Social stratification

A

systematic inequalities between groups of people
study of who gets what and why
how resources and outcomes are distributed among different groups
how different forms of inequality overlap (race, class, gender)
based on economic standing, power, and prestige
trait of society, not individual differences

33
Q

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

A

individual’s position in hierarchical social order

based on education, occupation, and income

34
Q

Class systems

A

based on birth and achievement

ascribed vs. achieved status

35
Q

Meritocracy

A

In industrial societies

stratification of status based on personal merit

36
Q

why is social inequality underestimated?

A

laws supposed to give everyone equal standing
all think of ourselves as middle class
tend to interact with people like ourselves
our culture celebrates individual achievement

37
Q

Bell Curve Debate

A

explanations for differences in status involve judgement of others
argued that poor/black are poor because they are lazy
people get what they deserve

38
Q

Principles of Stratification

A

society must place individuals in social positions and motivate them to work
some positions-more important and require more talent
society attempts to place appropriate people in these positions and motivates them with rewards

39
Q

Why middle class is shrinking

A

disappearing opportunities for those with little education
global competition and increased technology
growing dependence on temporary workforce

40
Q

Absolute poverty

A

severe deprivation of basic human needs

41
Q

Relative Poverty

A

standard of deprivation based on disadvantage to nation as a whole

Body Systems (14 decks)

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