Sociology midterm-deck2

Question 1

Socialization

Answer 1

the process by which a person internalizes the
larger values and beliefs of society, and
learns how to function within it

Question 2

Sociological perspective

Answer 2

locates individual in time and space
we are shaped by historical and social contexts
our identities are gendered
what we see could be something else
social interactions make us who we are
society provides script for interactions

Question 3

self-fulfilling prophesy

Answer 3

statement/belief may alter our actions and become true as a result
we become what we practice being

Question 4

gender socialization

Answer 4

gender is sex-based, but socially constructed
based on gender stereotypes
tendency to favor same-sex activities over those of the other sex
a performance, something you “do”

Question 5

Gender social constraints

Answer 5

control males and females
females controlled by attire/beauty/thinness
males constrained by lack of emotion, pressure to be breadwinners

Question 6

nature/nurture debate concerning males vs. females

Answer 6

nature: gender shaped by genetics, different body structure, differences in hormones based on sex
nurture: effect of socialization shapes the gender of people

Question 7

Deviance

Answer 7

non-conforming attitudes, behaviors, conditions

Question 8

Crime

Answer 8

non-legal attitudes, behaviors, condtions

Question 9

Society of Saints (Durkheim)

Answer 9

Imagine a world without deviance or crime
Society w/o crime not possible
Behavior on a bell curve- would increase sensitivity to what defined as crime
We would just adjust the bar to what is crime
we need crime in order to know what the rules are in society

Question 10

Formal sanctions

Answer 10

crime may lead to prosecution which then can result in consequences such as prison

Question 11

Prisons as Total Institutions

Answer 11

Isolation
Total control
Total authority

Question 12

Discredited deviant stigma

Answer 12

when you’ve been caught for deviance; label already applied

Question 13

Discreditable deviant stigma

Answer 13

deviant hasn’t yet been discovered for deviance

Question 14

Deviance of an eating disorder

Answer 14

1. Primary deviance-denial of label
2. secondary- acceptance of label
3. tertiary- embracement of label

Question 15

Crime

Answer 15

act or omission that violates criminal law

punishable by state

Question 16

Types of crime

Answer 16

violent crime
crime against property
victimless crime

Question 17

Act requirement

Answer 17

mind and body must be working together
has to be an action-just having a status is not illegal
failure to act can also be a crime

Question 18

Legal Requirement

Answer 18

act must be legislated against prior to action

Question 19

Harm Requirement

Answer 19

law created to avoid detrimental consequences

Question 20

Causation Requirement

Answer 20

actor must cause the result (harm) through their own efforts

has to be direct result, not intervening variable

Question 21

Mens Rea requirement

Answer 21

must have knowledge of act as unlawful
“guilty mind”
except for strict liability laws that govern murder, rape, bad crimes

Question 22

Concurrence requirement

Answer 22

criminal act must be accompanied with equally criminal mind, many exceptions

Question 23

Punishment requirement

Answer 23

punishable by state

Question 24

Measuring crime

Answer 24

Official statistics: Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
victimization survey
self-report surveys

Question 25

Index crimes (where most stats come from)

Answer 25

homocide, rape, robbery, burglary, aggravated assault, larceny, motor vehicle theft, arson

Question 26

Dark figure

Answer 26

Most crime goes unrecognized, underreported, unrecorded left with data that leaves out much of crime estimated 3x more crime than reported

Question 27

Functionalist perspective on crime

Answer 27

Crime necessary for social order If it didn't "work" for society, it wouldn't exist Crime leads to punishment which results in society majority accepting moral rules

Question 28

Conflict perspective on crime

Answer 28

criminal law intertwined with political power and economic resources laws against acts that threaten the elite

Question 29

Consensus perspective on crime

Answer 29

law reflects broad agreements represents shared values and norms interest of public, not elite

Question 30

Social constructionist perspective on crime

Answer 30

different groups use resources to gain ownership over an issue crime defined through interaction, not looking at behavior objectively whether or not something is right/wrong depends on situation

Question 31

U.S. Prison Population

Answer 31

larger amount per capita than anywhere else | due to war on drugs and long sentence for other non-violent crimes

Question 32

Social stratification

Answer 32

systematic inequalities between groups of people study of who gets what and why how resources and outcomes are distributed among different groups how different forms of inequality overlap (race, class, gender) based on economic standing, power, and prestige trait of society, not individual differences

Question 33

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Answer 33

individual's position in hierarchical social order | based on education, occupation, and income

Question 34

Class systems

Answer 34

based on birth and achievement | ascribed vs. achieved status

Question 35

Meritocracy

Answer 35

In industrial societies | stratification of status based on personal merit

Question 36

why is social inequality underestimated?

Answer 36

laws supposed to give everyone equal standing all think of ourselves as middle class tend to interact with people like ourselves our culture celebrates individual achievement

Question 37

Bell Curve Debate

Answer 37

explanations for differences in status involve judgement of others argued that poor/black are poor because they are lazy people get what they deserve

Question 38

Principles of Stratification

Answer 38

society must place individuals in social positions and motivate them to work some positions-more important and require more talent society attempts to place appropriate people in these positions and motivates them with rewards

Question 39

Why middle class is shrinking

Answer 39

disappearing opportunities for those with little education global competition and increased technology growing dependence on temporary workforce

Question 40

Absolute poverty

Answer 40

severe deprivation of basic human needs

Question 41

Relative Poverty

Answer 41

standard of deprivation based on disadvantage to nation as a whole