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Body Systems > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Systemic Flow

A

Blood pumped from aorta to rest of body. Carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones; removes metabolic waste

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2
Q

Pulmonary Flow

A

Deoxygenated blood from right ventricle pumped to the lungs. CO2 is removed and O2 is replenished

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3
Q

Pathway of Blood Flow (Cycle)

A

Veins-vena cava-right atrium-right venticle-pulmonary artery-lungs-pulmonary vein-left atrium-left ventricle-aorta-arteries-arterioles-capillaries-venules-veins

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4
Q

Delivery of Oxygen

A
  1. Diffuses into blood in alveolar capillaries (lungs)
  2. Binds to hemoglobin in Red Blood Cells
  3. Gets transported to tissues
  4. Used in cellular respiration
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5
Q

Removal of Carbon Dioxide

A
  1. Cellular respiration produces CO2
  2. Carbonic anhydrase converts to bicarbonate (bc CO2 is nonpolar and not very soluble in blood)
  3. Dissolved bicarbonate and CO2 transported in blood
  4. Diffuses out of alveolar capillaries & exhaled out
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6
Q

Blood Pressure

A

Pressure blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels

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7
Q

Systolic Pressure

A

Blood pressure when blood is being pumped (ventricles contracting)

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8
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

blood pressure when blood is not being pumped (ventricles relaxing)

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9
Q

Arteriole

A

Controls blood flow to capillaries. Allows body to control which tissues get more blood. Important for vasoconstriction.

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10
Q

Capillaries

A

Site of blood-tissue solute exchange

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11
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

Separate atria from ventricles. Prevent blood from flowing back into atria; promote forward flow. Includes tricuspid valve and mitral/bicuspid valve

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12
Q

Semilunar valves

A

Separate ventricles from vasculature. Prevent blood from flowing back into heart. Includes pulmonary valve and aortic valve

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13
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

between right atrium and right ventricle

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14
Q

Mitral/bicuspid valve

A

between left atrium and left ventricle

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15
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

separates right ventricle from pulmonary circulation

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16
Q

Aortic valve

A

separates left ventricle from aorta

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17
Q

Electrical conduction of heart

A

Contraction of cardiac muscle originates from electrical impulses that start at SA node in right atrium. Contraction causes increase in pressure that pushes more blood into ventricles (atrial kick). Signal spreads to AV node, between atria and ventricles

18
Q

Systole

A

Ventricles contract, AV valves close, blood pumped out of ventricles

19
Q

diastole

A

Ventricles relax, semilunar valves close, blood from atria fills ventricles

20
Q

Cardiac Output (CO)

A

total blood pumped by ventricle per minute.
CO=HR *SV
HR= heart rate, beats per min
SV=stroke volume, volume of blood pumped per beat

21
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells.
Designed for O2 transport. Contain hemoglobin molecules, which each bind four molecules O2. Biconcave shape: helps travel through capillaries and increased surface area for gas exchange. Lack organelles. (no cell. resp.)

22
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells.
Crucial for immune system.
2 Classes: Granulocytes and agranulocytes

23
Q

Granulocytes

A

3 kinds: neutrophils, eosinophils,basophils.
contain granules toxic to invading microbes, released via exocytosis. involved in inflammatory rxns, allergies, fighting parasites

24
Q

Agranulocytes

A

2 kinds: lymphocytes and thrombocytes

25
Q

Lymphocytes

A

important for specific immune response. targeted fight against pathogens. primary response and long term pathogen recognition. exposure to weakened pathogen caused creation of memory cels (vaccines). Include B cells and T cells and monocytes

26
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets.

cells fragments released from bone marrow cells. assist in blood clotting

27
Q

ABO blood types

A

A and B are codominant (both expressed). i is recessive. O blood (ii) does not have A or B proteins. if given blood transfusion, would produce antibodies to A, B, or AB blood

28
Q

Rh factor

A

+ if D allele present. - if D allele absent. autosomal dominant inheritance. If - would produce antibodies when receive transfusion with + blood type

29
Q

Blood pressure measurement

A

expressed as a ratio, systolic/diastolic. P=CO *TPR

P=pressure differential, CO=cardiac output, TPR=total peripheral resistance

30
Q

Resistance of blood flow

A

capillaries and arterioles act as resistors, limit blood flow. resistance based on length and cross section of blood vessel. longer-more resistance. larger cross section-less resistance

31
Q

Baroreceptors

A

detect change in force. decreased b.p. stimulates vasoconstiction, which increases b.p.

32
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

sense when osmolarity of blood is too high (indicates dehydration). promotes release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin). increases reabsorption of water which increases blood volume & pressure

33
Q

aldosterone

A

increases reabsorption of sodium which increases reabsorption of water

34
Q

Exchange of oxygen

A

carried primarily by hemoglobin. O2 diffuses into alveolar capillaries in lungs. cooperative binding: once first O2 binds, hemoglobin has conformational shift, increases affinity to O2. more O2 released to tissues during exercise, rather than taken to lungs.

35
Q

Exchange of carbon dioxide

A

waste product, must be removed from blood. nonpolar so most is converted to bicarbonate (HCO3-) by carbonic anhydrase. Production of H+ ions decreases pH. H+ binds hemoglobin and decrease affinity for binding O2

36
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

force blood exerts against walls of blood vessel. generated by contraction of heart. pushes fluid out of bloodstream, into interstitium through capillary walls

37
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

pressure from solutes drawing fluid into bloodstream. also called oncotic pressure

38
Q

Coagulation

A

platelets protect vascular system by forming clots to prevent blood loss when injured. injuries damage endothelium of vessel and expose collagen. platelets sense collagen, triggering clumping of platelets. coag.factors activate prothrombin to form thrombin which produces fibrin. fibrin contributes to stable clot.

39
Q

Plasmin

A

breaks down blood clots after healing process

40
Q

fibrin

A

forms net of fibers after being activated by thrombin, initiated by coagulation factors. produces stable blood clot

Body Systems (14 decks)

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