Cardiovascular System

Question 1

Systemic Flow

Answer 1

Blood pumped from aorta to rest of body. Carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones; removes metabolic waste

Question 2

Pulmonary Flow

Answer 2

Deoxygenated blood from right ventricle pumped to the lungs. CO2 is removed and O2 is replenished

Question 3

Pathway of Blood Flow (Cycle)

Answer 3

Veins-vena cava-right atrium-right venticle-pulmonary artery-lungs-pulmonary vein-left atrium-left ventricle-aorta-arteries-arterioles-capillaries-venules-veins

Question 4

Delivery of Oxygen

Answer 4

1. Diffuses into blood in alveolar capillaries (lungs)
2. Binds to hemoglobin in Red Blood Cells
3. Gets transported to tissues
4. Used in cellular respiration

Question 5

Removal of Carbon Dioxide

Answer 5

1. Cellular respiration produces CO2
2. Carbonic anhydrase converts to bicarbonate (bc CO2 is nonpolar and not very soluble in blood)
3. Dissolved bicarbonate and CO2 transported in blood
4. Diffuses out of alveolar capillaries & exhaled out

Question 6

Blood Pressure

Answer 6

Pressure blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels

Question 7

Systolic Pressure

Answer 7

Blood pressure when blood is being pumped (ventricles contracting)

Question 8

Diastolic pressure

Answer 8

blood pressure when blood is not being pumped (ventricles relaxing)

Question 9

Arteriole

Answer 9

Controls blood flow to capillaries. Allows body to control which tissues get more blood. Important for vasoconstriction.

Question 10

Capillaries

Answer 10

Site of blood-tissue solute exchange

Question 11

Atrioventricular valves

Answer 11

Separate atria from ventricles. Prevent blood from flowing back into atria; promote forward flow. Includes tricuspid valve and mitral/bicuspid valve

Question 12

Semilunar valves

Answer 12

Separate ventricles from vasculature. Prevent blood from flowing back into heart. Includes pulmonary valve and aortic valve

Question 13

Tricuspid valve

Answer 13

between right atrium and right ventricle

Question 14

Mitral/bicuspid valve

Answer 14

between left atrium and left ventricle

Question 15

Pulmonary valve

Answer 15

separates right ventricle from pulmonary circulation

Question 16

Aortic valve

Answer 16

separates left ventricle from aorta

Question 17

Electrical conduction of heart

Answer 17

Contraction of cardiac muscle originates from electrical impulses that start at SA node in right atrium. Contraction causes increase in pressure that pushes more blood into ventricles (atrial kick). Signal spreads to AV node, between atria and ventricles

Question 18

Systole

Answer 18

Ventricles contract, AV valves close, blood pumped out of ventricles

Question 19

diastole

Answer 19

Ventricles relax, semilunar valves close, blood from atria fills ventricles

Question 20

Cardiac Output (CO)

Answer 20

total blood pumped by ventricle per minute.
CO=HR *SV
HR= heart rate, beats per min
SV=stroke volume, volume of blood pumped per beat

Question 21

Erythrocytes

Answer 21

Red blood cells.
Designed for O2 transport. Contain hemoglobin molecules, which each bind four molecules O2. Biconcave shape: helps travel through capillaries and increased surface area for gas exchange. Lack organelles. (no cell. resp.)

Question 22

Leukocytes

Answer 22

White blood cells.
Crucial for immune system.
2 Classes: Granulocytes and agranulocytes

Question 23

Granulocytes

Answer 23

3 kinds: neutrophils, eosinophils,basophils.
contain granules toxic to invading microbes, released via exocytosis. involved in inflammatory rxns, allergies, fighting parasites

Question 24

Agranulocytes

Answer 24

2 kinds: lymphocytes and thrombocytes

Question 25

Lymphocytes

Answer 25

important for specific immune response. targeted fight against pathogens. primary response and long term pathogen recognition. exposure to weakened pathogen caused creation of memory cels (vaccines). Include B cells and T cells and monocytes

Question 26

Thrombocytes

Answer 26

Platelets. | cells fragments released from bone marrow cells. assist in blood clotting

Question 27

ABO blood types

Answer 27

A and B are codominant (both expressed). i is recessive. O blood (ii) does not have A or B proteins. if given blood transfusion, would produce antibodies to A, B, or AB blood

Question 28

Rh factor

Answer 28

+ if D allele present. - if D allele absent. autosomal dominant inheritance. If - would produce antibodies when receive transfusion with + blood type

Question 29

Blood pressure measurement

Answer 29

expressed as a ratio, systolic/diastolic. P=CO *TPR | P=pressure differential, CO=cardiac output, TPR=total peripheral resistance

Question 30

Resistance of blood flow

Answer 30

capillaries and arterioles act as resistors, limit blood flow. resistance based on length and cross section of blood vessel. longer-more resistance. larger cross section-less resistance

Question 31

Baroreceptors

Answer 31

detect change in force. decreased b.p. stimulates vasoconstiction, which increases b.p.

Question 32

Chemoreceptors

Answer 32

sense when osmolarity of blood is too high (indicates dehydration). promotes release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin). increases reabsorption of water which increases blood volume & pressure

Question 33

aldosterone

Answer 33

increases reabsorption of sodium which increases reabsorption of water

Question 34

Exchange of oxygen

Answer 34

carried primarily by hemoglobin. O2 diffuses into alveolar capillaries in lungs. cooperative binding: once first O2 binds, hemoglobin has conformational shift, increases affinity to O2. more O2 released to tissues during exercise, rather than taken to lungs.

Question 35

Exchange of carbon dioxide

Answer 35

waste product, must be removed from blood. nonpolar so most is converted to bicarbonate (HCO3-) by carbonic anhydrase. Production of H+ ions decreases pH. H+ binds hemoglobin and decrease affinity for binding O2

Question 36

Hydrostatic pressure

Answer 36

force blood exerts against walls of blood vessel. generated by contraction of heart. pushes fluid out of bloodstream, into interstitium through capillary walls

Question 37

Osmotic pressure

Answer 37

pressure from solutes drawing fluid into bloodstream. also called oncotic pressure

Question 38

Coagulation

Answer 38

platelets protect vascular system by forming clots to prevent blood loss when injured. injuries damage endothelium of vessel and expose collagen. platelets sense collagen, triggering clumping of platelets. coag.factors activate prothrombin to form thrombin which produces fibrin. fibrin contributes to stable clot.

Question 39

Plasmin

Answer 39

breaks down blood clots after healing process

Question 40

fibrin

Answer 40

forms net of fibers after being activated by thrombin, initiated by coagulation factors. produces stable blood clot