Respiratory System

Question 1

Pathway of air flow

Answer 1

air enters nasal cavity-pharynx-larynx-trachea-bronchi-bronchioles-alveoli

Question 2

surfactant

Answer 2

detergent that lowers surface tension and prevents alveoli in lungs from collapsing

Question 3

Pleura

Answer 3

Visceral-inner layer; parietal-outer; intrapleural space-between visceral and parietal pleurae, contains fluid which lubricates 2 pleural surfaces

Question 4

Inhalation muscles

Answer 4

contraction of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles, which expand thoracic cavity

Question 5

Process of inhalation

Answer 5

1. chest wall expands outward-volume of intrapleural space increases
2. increase volume, decrease pressure in intrapleural
3. gas in lungs @ atmospheric pressure; now higher than intrapleural space
4. lungs expand, pressure drops; air sucked in from outsdie which has higher pressure

Question 6

Driving force of inhalation

Answer 6

lower pressure in intrapleural space compared to the lungs

Question 7

Exhalation process

Answer 7

1. chest cavity volume decreases
2. pressure in intrapleural space increase
3. pressure intrapleural> pressure lungs
4. lungs recoil, colume decreases, pressure increases
5. exhalation of air to decrease pressure

Question 8

spirometer

Answer 8

measures lung capacity and volume

Question 9

Total Lung Capacity

Answer 9

max volume air in lungs when one inhales

Question 10

Residual Volume

Answer 10

min volume air in lungs after exhaling

Question 11

Vital Capacity

Answer 11

TLC-RV

difference between max and min volume of air

Question 12

Tidal Volume

Answer 12

volume of air inhaled and exhaled in normal breath

Question 13

Expiratory Reserve Volume

Answer 13

volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation

Question 14

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Answer 14

volume of additional air that can forcibly be inhaled after normal inhalation

Question 15

Ventilation center

Answer 15

collection of neurons in medulla oblongata that regulate ventilation; fire regularly to cause regular contraction of respiratory muscles

Question 16

Chemoreceptors

Answer 16

contained in ventilation center neurons; sensitive to carbon dioxide concentration; when pressure of CO2 increases,respiration rate increases so more CO2 will be exhaled

Question 17

Hypoventilation

Answer 17

leads to high CO2 levels; medullar oblongata inditiates increased breathing

Question 18

Hyperventilation

Answer 18

leads to low CO2 levels; can inhibit ventilation to ration CO2

Question 19

Driving force of gas exchange in alveoli

Answer 19

pressure differentials of gases; blood from heart has low pressure of O2, so O2 diffuses from alveoli into blood; blood from heart has high CO2 so diffuses into alveoli

Question 20

Thermoregulation

Answer 20

body temp regulated through vasodilation and vasoconstriction; when capillaries expand, more blood passes through and more thermal energy use; when contract, heat conserved

Question 21

Immune function of lungs

Answer 21

large vasculature of lungs provides threat of pathogens entering body

Question 22

1st line of defense

Answer 22

small hairs in nasal cavity that trap infectious particles; lysozyme enzyme in nasal cavity that attacks peptidoglycan walls of bacteria

Question 23

2nd line:

Answer 23

internal airways lined with mucus which traps larger invaders. cilia propels mucus out into oral cavity to be expelled or swallowed. known as musociliary excalator

Question 24

Immune cells in lungs

Answer 24

Macrophages: engulf and digest pathogens, signal to immune system of invader
IgA antibodies: protect against pathogens
Mast cells: release inflammatory chemicals to promote immune response

Question 25

Bicarbonate buffer system equation

Answer 25

CO2 + H2O–> H2CO3—> H+ +HCO3-

Question 26

Effect of decrease in pH (acidemia)

Answer 26

Concentration of H+ increases, which shifts buffer system to produce more CO2. increased pressure of CO2 in lungs promotes greater respiration to release CO2

Question 27

Effect of increase in pH (alkalemia

Answer 27

Decrease of H+ shifts buffer system to produce more H+ at the expense of CO2. Respiration is slowed in order to preserve CO2