Sociology Exam 3

Question 1

Race

Answer 1

constructed upon phenotypical differences that impact individuals’ lives
typically constructed in the dominant groups’ concepts - did not exist before western colonialism
far-reaching consequences/implications for life outcomes
differs across time and space

Question 2

racial bio-essentialist approach

Answer 2

assumes racial categories are authentic, real and natural - perceived differences
ignores that genetics and conceptions of race are fully squared

Question 3

Blumenbach

Answer 3

created five categories - Caucasian (white), Mongoloid ( yellow), Malayan (brown), Ethiopian (black) and American (red)

Question 4

craniometrics

Answer 4

correlating skull shape with skin pigmentations
affects how we perceive race today

Question 5

Racial Variation - USA

Answer 5

one drop rule
Individuals could not be considered white and enjoy the privileges of whiteness if they had only non-white blood in them

Question 6

Racial Variation -South Africa

Answer 6

Apartheid
separation of races with immense inequality between races
however, could belong to the dominant white group if they looked white enough or had wealth and power

Question 7

Racial Variation - Brazil

Answer 7

40-50 different recognized racial categories that hold life implications - some hierarchy based upon skin tone but mainly based on wealth and prestige

Question 8

miscegenation

Answer 8

marriage/mixture of people of two different races - one is white

Question 9

racialism

Answer 9

an individual or a society sees individuals as belonging to a particular category - social differentiation

Question 10

racism

Answer 10

arbitrarily perceiving one racial category as being superior to another

Question 11

Ethnicity

Answer 11

people with common cultural characteristics
socially constructed
focused more on “cultural” than “biological” attributes
does often overlap with race

Question 12

Ethnic Identity

Answer 12

internalization of ethnic roles into self-concept

Question 13

Minority Category

Answer 13

Share a distinct identity
on the whole experience subordination

Question 14

prejudice

Answer 14

preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience

Question 15

discrimination

Answer 15

the unjust treatment of different categories of people especially on the grounds of ethnicity, age, sex, or disability

Question 16

Prejudice versus Discrimination

Answer 16

attitude versus action/behavior
judging categories unfairly versus harmful treatment based on group membership

Question 17

Pre-Civil Rights Racism

Answer 17

overt - prejudice and discrimination were allowed in the open and were formally codified into laws
overt racism - is readily apparent in social life and one does not have to conceal racist sentiments

Question 18

Post-Civil Rights racism

Answer 18

covert - prejudice and discrimination so normalized and routinized they are institutionalized
racism is now concealed and many who help sustain inequality don’t even know they’re doing it
institutional racism

Question 19

Bonilla Silva & Color Blind Ideology

Answer 19

covert form of racism specific to Post-Civil Rights Era:
abstract liberalism
naturalization
cultural racism
minimization of racism

Question 20

Abstract Liberalism

Answer 20

rationalizes racial outcomes by assuming equal opportunity
merit belief that most meritorious are rewarded
opposing to government intrusion

Question 21

naturalization

Answer 21

suggest that racial phenomenon is a natural occurrence
idea that segregation is ‘natural’ or self-selecting

Question 22

Cultural Racism

Answer 22

the culture frame but no longer biological racism but lack of hygiene, family disorganization or lack of morality have replaced it

Question 23

minimization of racism

Answer 23

suggests discrimination is no longer a central factor affecting minorities life chances
whites acknowledge that discrimination exists but they deny its impact on group standing

Question 24

Majority - Minority interactions

Answer 24

pluralism
segregation
genocide
assimilation

Question 25

pluralism

Answer 25

separate racial and ethnic groups maintain their distinctiveness even though they are perceived as being on equal footing

Question 26

segregation

Answer 26

physical and social separation of categories of people

Question 27

genocide

Answer 27

process by which one ethnic or racial group exterminates another group

Question 28

Assimilation

Answer 28

the process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture and become like the dominant

Question 29

Gan's Symbolic Ethnicity

Answer 29

typically 3rd or 4th gen which attempts to preserve and participate in disappearing ethnic roles and culture through the performance of rituals and actions that do not broadly impact identity and social life

Question 30

straight line model

Answer 30

the first gen is the most "ethnic" and the behavior over time will become increasingly similar to the dominant/native population

Question 31

Gan's Criticisms of the Straight Line Model

Answer 31

1.) immigrant culture can affect mainstream culture as much as mainstream culture can affect immigrant groups 2.) The straight-line model treats all groups as similar 3.) cannot handle ethnic models

Question 32

Cornell & Hartman - Thick vs Thin

Answer 32

Thick - powerfully shapes most aspects of social life and identities may be imposed by others or asserted and chosen (immigrants) Thin - relatively little on social life

Question 33

Cornell & Hartman - Assignment vs. Assertion

Answer 33

circumstance don't just assign identities on passive subjects people assert their own identities accept, resist, choose specify redefine and defend identities

Question 34

Cornell & Hartmann - Boundaries

Answer 34

who is "us" versus "them"

Question 35

Cornell & Hartmann - Perceived Positioning

Answer 35

belief in positions between groups

Question 36

Cornell & Hartmann - Meaning

Answer 36

qualities attached to groups

Question 37

Primordialism

Answer 37

belief that racial and ethnic identities are elementary or that they existed at or from the very beginning

Question 38

Double Consciousness

Answer 38

-possessed by members of the subordinate group when a condition of dominant/subordinate group relations is present -subordinate & dominant groups interpret the world differently -subordinate groups - understand the dominant culture and their own to survive -knowledge oppressed groups get to survive

Question 38

Mary Waters - Experience & Race

Answer 38

-whites encounter more situations where they don't think of themselves with race -having a race is hard to escape for nonwhites -whites can escape negative qualities of race frequently

Question 39

Gender

Answer 39

personal traits and social positions a society attaches to being things like male, female or other typically involves a hierarchy

Question 40

gender stratification

Answer 40

unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between

Question 41

sex

Answer 41

biological differences between male and female either XY or XX ( excusing chromosomal mutations)

Question 42

Intersex

Answer 42

individuals who possess both male and female biological sex characteristics commonly treated as a birth defect in the west

Question 43

Gender Bio-essentialism

Answer 43

a condition where one believes that perceived differences between gender categories are authentic, immutable, and natural

Question 44

Margaret Mead's New Guinea Study - Arapresh

Answer 44

both sexes feminine by Western standards cooperative, unaggressive, empathetic

Question 45

Margaret Mead's New Guinea Study - Mundugmor

Answer 45

both sexes masculine by Western standards ruthless and unresponsive to other's needs

Question 46

Margaret Mead's New Guinea Study - Tchambuli

Answer 46

biological females masculine by western standards and biological males feminine by western standards

Question 47

gender role

Answer 47

behavior society expects from its genders

Question 48

Gender Socialization

Answer 48

process of learning social attitudes and expectations associated with sex

Question 49

Gender Marker

Answer 49

symbols and signs that identify a person's gender

Question 50

Patriarchy

Answer 50

social arrangement in which men dominate women

Question 51

Matriarchy

Answer 51

the social arrangement where women dominate men

Question 52

sexism

Answer 52

belief that one sex is innately superior to the other; often the justification for patriarchy

Question 53

Hochschild's "gender strategy"

Answer 53

a person reconciles the gender ideologies they are socialized into with their behavior the connection between their conception of their gender role and how they act

Question 54

Feminism

Answer 54

counter-ideology to sexism that typically seeks gender equality and independence

Question 55

Liberal Feminism

Answer 55

accept gender categories, capitalism and the current structure of American society but they envision a world where men and women can exist on equal footing

Question 56

Socialist Feminism

Answer 56

true categorical equality between men and women can happen until structural means to achieve dominance and power are erased from society

Question 57

Radical Feminism

Answer 57

the only path to an egalitarian society is by eliminating gender altogether

Question 58

Intersectional Theory

Answer 58

the interplay between race, class, sexual orientation, and gender as they can mix in unique ways to produce multiple dimensions of disadvantage

Question 59

Matrix of domination - Pat Hill Collins

Answer 59

depending on context, an individual may be an oppressor, a member of an oppressed group, or be simultaneously oppressor and oppressed where each person experiences varying amounts of privilege and subalternity from the multiple frames of oppression that frame and shape everyone's lives

Question 60

Kessler & Mckenna - Gender Attribution

Answer 60

- more than inspection but a process of inculcating gendered roles, self-concepts, and feelings of being man or woman - deciding whether someone is male or female when we see a new person - basically just assumptions

Question 61

Risman - Gender Structure

Answer 61

1.) Macro - ideologies, institutions - birth certificates 2.) Individual - socialized gender and one's relation to it 3.) Interactional - orientation toward others and the world

Question 62

true believers

Answer 62

old school traditionalists believe in gender binary, even invested it it - mostly all cis- heterosexual 'gender is God-given or rooted in nature" Macro - ideologies fused within conventional cis-gender order - bio-essentialism or religion Individual - fully internalized cis-gendered masculine & feminine personalities and orientations Interactional - somewhat judgmental of when norms are breached, taboos against same-sex mixing

Question 63

Innovators

Answer 63

see old gender norms as oppressive and strive to lead gender egalitarian lives ( about half are not straight) "feminism is a normative part of life" Macro - reject the notion that men & women ought to be different Individual - comfort in mixing & matching stereotypically masculine and feminine attributes Interactional - seek to expand or undo gender beyond interactional expectations

Question 64

Rebels

Answer 64

genderqueer, transgress against gender structure ( many reject labels) "overt transgression against gender structure" Macro - the binary is oppressive, and idealizes an alternate structure containing an immense choice Individual - proud to mix& match and exist outside the gender binary Interactional - receive & confront constant policing from others

Question 65

straddlers

Answer 65

mix & match, accept some aspects of gender structure but reject others " I care less for gender and want everyone to be who they are" hodgepodge of all the other types in a loose fashion less prideful than innovators mostly heterosexual

Question 66

Berdache

Answer 66

were not homosexual ( no relations with same-sex), hermaphrodites ( not assigned a specific special sex category at birth), and transvestites ( not taking the role of the other gender) gender categorization different from our own society

Question 67

primary sex characteristics

Answer 67

organs necessary for biological reproduction

Question 68

secondary sex characteristics

Answer 68

bodily differences that distinguish males and females

Question 69

transgender - old term transexual

Answer 69

depart from common gender conceptions of femininity and masculinity by rejecting biology as a determinant for their gender identity

Question 70

incest taboo

Answer 70

norm forbidding sexual relations between certain kin

Question 71

sexual orientation

Answer 71

one's preference for and/or emotional and physical attraction to other persons

Question 72

heterosexuality

Answer 72

individual's sexual orientation revolves around them being physically and emotionally attracted to members of the opposite sex in the 2 gender system of the western world

Question 73

homosexuality

Answer 73

individual's sexual orientation revolves around them being physically and emotionally attracted to members of the same sex in the 2 gender system of the Western world

Question 74

homophobia

Answer 74

discomfort over close personal interactions with people to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual (non-heterosexual) in Western cultures

Question 75

Sexual Bio-Essentialism

Answer 75

regarding sexual identity in the US posits that categories of sexual orientation like homosexual and heterosexual are authentic and natural

Question 76

Levay Study

Answer 76

measured brains of cadavers only presumed to be exclusively homosexual and heterosexual - only 35 no verification that the 16 non-homosexual cadavers were practicing heterosexual all homosexual cadavers had died of AIDs related complications no information on life histories

Question 77

Levay Study - brain

Answer 77

a cluster of cells in the hypothalamus that is larger in heterosexual men than in heterosexual women or homosexual men

Question 78

Foucault

Answer 78

homosexual not in the Western language until the 19th century

Question 79

compulsory heterosexuality

Answer 79

individuals are coerced into heterosexual practices through processes of socialization as well as broader societal values that deem heterosexuality to be "normal" while other modes of sexual orientation are deemed to be inherently deviant and stigmatic

Question 80

Lancaster - Cochone

Answer 80

1.) passivity in intercourse - male or female 2.) not defined by oral or manual sex 3.) do not have sex with each other 4.) sexual practices and identity stigmatized 5.) object through which power and valorization is gained by machistas

Question 81

Lancaster - Machista

Answer 81

1.) active role in intercourse - always male 2.) not defined by oral or manual sex 3.) DO NOT have sex with one another 4.) sexual practices and identity valorized 5.) identity and practices support masculinity 6.) socially expected to be aroused and have sex with both men and women

Question 82

Western - homosexual

Answer 82

1.) defined by sexual activity with/attraction to members of the same sex - M-M, F-F 2.) oral/manual sex can play a defining role 3.) have sex with another - gender appropriate 4.) sexual practices and identity stigmatized generally 5.) do not support masculinity for men

Question 83

Western - heterosexual

Answer 83

1.) defined by sexual activity with members of the opposite sex 2.) Oral/manual sex can play a defining role 3.)have sex with another - M-F 4.) sexual practices and identity for men valorized 5.) sexual identity and practices support masculinity (for men) 6.) (men) socially expected to be aroused by and penetrate women 7.) A female heterosexual is an object through which power and valorization is gained for men

Question 84

queer theory

Answer 84

challenges an alleged heterosexual bias in society; namely that our society is characterized by heterosexism

Question 85

heterosexism

Answer 85

view that the heterosexual perspective is privileged in American society since it stigmatizes anyone who is not heterosexual

Question 86

heteronormativity

Answer 86

constraints, demands, and expectations of people in a society where heterosexuality is the norm

Question 87

Queer Theory hallmarks - Pascoe

Answer 87

1.) Sexuality and Sexual Power pervade social life 2.) Sexual and gender categories are always problematic 3.) willing to examine heteronormativity and heterosexuality as products of society

Question 88

Pascoe - fag discourse

Answer 88

heteronormativity supported in interaction and by school administration "fag" is an epithet that marks a discursive and social position of "failed masculinity" that regulates boys' interactions plays a role in perpetuating heterosexual norms and disciplines boys' interactions, participation in "compulsory heterosexuality"