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Fall Semester - Finals Week > Sociology Exam 3 > Flashcards

Sociology Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Race

A

constructed upon phenotypical differences that impact individuals’ lives
typically constructed in the dominant groups’ concepts - did not exist before western colonialism
far-reaching consequences/implications for life outcomes
differs across time and space

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2
Q

racial bio-essentialist approach

A

assumes racial categories are authentic, real and natural - perceived differences
ignores that genetics and conceptions of race are fully squared

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3
Q

Blumenbach

A

created five categories - Caucasian (white), Mongoloid ( yellow), Malayan (brown), Ethiopian (black) and American (red)

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4
Q

craniometrics

A

correlating skull shape with skin pigmentations
affects how we perceive race today

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5
Q

Racial Variation - USA

A

one drop rule
Individuals could not be considered white and enjoy the privileges of whiteness if they had only non-white blood in them

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6
Q

Racial Variation -South Africa

A

Apartheid
separation of races with immense inequality between races
however, could belong to the dominant white group if they looked white enough or had wealth and power

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7
Q

Racial Variation - Brazil

A

40-50 different recognized racial categories that hold life implications - some hierarchy based upon skin tone but mainly based on wealth and prestige

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8
Q

miscegenation

A

marriage/mixture of people of two different races - one is white

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9
Q

racialism

A

an individual or a society sees individuals as belonging to a particular category - social differentiation

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10
Q

racism

A

arbitrarily perceiving one racial category as being superior to another

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11
Q

Ethnicity

A

people with common cultural characteristics
socially constructed
focused more on “cultural” than “biological” attributes
does often overlap with race

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12
Q

Ethnic Identity

A

internalization of ethnic roles into self-concept

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13
Q

Minority Category

A

Share a distinct identity
on the whole experience subordination

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14
Q

prejudice

A

preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience

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15
Q

discrimination

A

the unjust treatment of different categories of people especially on the grounds of ethnicity, age, sex, or disability

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16
Q

Prejudice versus Discrimination

A

attitude versus action/behavior
judging categories unfairly versus harmful treatment based on group membership

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17
Q

Pre-Civil Rights Racism

A

overt - prejudice and discrimination were allowed in the open and were formally codified into laws
overt racism - is readily apparent in social life and one does not have to conceal racist sentiments

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18
Q

Post-Civil Rights racism

A

covert - prejudice and discrimination so normalized and routinized they are institutionalized
racism is now concealed and many who help sustain inequality don’t even know they’re doing it
institutional racism

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19
Q

Bonilla Silva & Color Blind Ideology

A

covert form of racism specific to Post-Civil Rights Era:
abstract liberalism
naturalization
cultural racism
minimization of racism

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20
Q

Abstract Liberalism

A

rationalizes racial outcomes by assuming equal opportunity
merit belief that most meritorious are rewarded
opposing to government intrusion

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21
Q

naturalization

A

suggest that racial phenomenon is a natural occurrence
idea that segregation is ‘natural’ or self-selecting

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22
Q

Cultural Racism

A

the culture frame but no longer biological racism but lack of hygiene, family disorganization or lack of morality have replaced it

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23
Q

minimization of racism

A

suggests discrimination is no longer a central factor affecting minorities life chances
whites acknowledge that discrimination exists but they deny its impact on group standing

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24
Q

Majority - Minority interactions

A

pluralism
segregation
genocide
assimilation

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25
Q

pluralism

A

separate racial and ethnic groups maintain their distinctiveness even though they are perceived as being on equal footing

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26
Q

segregation

A

physical and social separation of categories of people

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27
Q

genocide

A

process by which one ethnic or racial group exterminates another group

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28
Q

Assimilation

A

the process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture and become like the dominant

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29
Q

Gan’s Symbolic Ethnicity

A

typically 3rd or 4th gen which attempts to preserve and participate in disappearing ethnic roles and culture through the performance of rituals and actions that do not broadly impact identity and social life

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30
Q

straight line model

A

the first gen is the most “ethnic” and the behavior over time will become increasingly similar to the dominant/native population

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31
Q

Gan’s Criticisms of the Straight Line Model

A

1.) immigrant culture can affect mainstream culture as much as mainstream culture can affect immigrant groups
2.) The straight-line model treats all groups as similar
3.) cannot handle ethnic models

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32
Q

Cornell & Hartman - Thick vs Thin

A

Thick - powerfully shapes most aspects of social life and identities may be imposed by others or asserted and chosen (immigrants)
Thin - relatively little on social life

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33
Q

Cornell & Hartman - Assignment vs. Assertion

A

circumstance don’t just assign identities on passive subjects
people assert their own identities
accept, resist, choose specify redefine and defend identities

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34
Q

Cornell & Hartmann - Boundaries

A

who is “us” versus “them”

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35
Q

Cornell & Hartmann - Perceived Positioning

A

belief in positions between groups

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36
Q

Cornell & Hartmann - Meaning

A

qualities attached to groups

37
Q

Primordialism

A

belief that racial and ethnic identities are elementary or that they existed at or from the very beginning

38
Q

Double Consciousness

A

-possessed by members of the subordinate group when a condition of dominant/subordinate group relations is present
-subordinate & dominant groups interpret the world differently
-subordinate groups - understand the dominant culture and their own to survive
-knowledge oppressed groups get to survive

38
Q

Mary Waters - Experience & Race

A

-whites encounter more situations where they don’t think of themselves with race
-having a race is hard to escape for nonwhites
-whites can escape negative qualities of race frequently

39
Q

Gender

A

personal traits and social positions a society attaches to being things like male, female or other
typically involves a hierarchy

40
Q

gender stratification

A

unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between

41
Q

sex

A

biological differences between male and female
either XY or XX ( excusing chromosomal mutations)

42
Q

Intersex

A

individuals who possess both male and female biological sex characteristics
commonly treated as a birth defect in the west

43
Q

Gender Bio-essentialism

A

a condition where one believes that perceived differences between gender categories are authentic, immutable, and natural

44
Q

Margaret Mead’s New Guinea Study - Arapresh

A

both sexes feminine by Western standards
cooperative, unaggressive, empathetic

45
Q

Margaret Mead’s New Guinea Study - Mundugmor

A

both sexes masculine by Western standards
ruthless and unresponsive to other’s needs

46
Q

Margaret Mead’s New Guinea Study - Tchambuli

A

biological females masculine by western standards and biological males feminine by western standards

47
Q

gender role

A

behavior society expects from its genders

48
Q

Gender Socialization

A

process of learning social attitudes and expectations associated with sex

49
Q

Gender Marker

A

symbols and signs that identify a person’s gender

50
Q

Patriarchy

A

social arrangement in which men dominate women

51
Q

Matriarchy

A

the social arrangement where women dominate men

52
Q

sexism

A

belief that one sex is innately superior to the other; often the justification for patriarchy

53
Q

Hochschild’s “gender strategy”

A

a person reconciles the gender ideologies they are socialized into with their behavior
the connection between their conception of their gender role and how they act

54
Q

Feminism

A

counter-ideology to sexism that typically seeks gender equality and independence

55
Q

Liberal Feminism

A

accept gender categories, capitalism and the current structure of American society but they envision a world where men and women can exist on equal footing

56
Q

Socialist Feminism

A

true categorical equality between men and women can happen until structural means to achieve dominance and power are erased from society

57
Q

Radical Feminism

A

the only path to an egalitarian society is by eliminating gender altogether

58
Q

Intersectional Theory

A

the interplay between race, class, sexual orientation, and gender as they can mix in unique ways to produce multiple dimensions of disadvantage

59
Q

Matrix of domination - Pat Hill Collins

A

depending on context, an individual may be an oppressor, a member of an oppressed group, or be simultaneously oppressor and oppressed where each person experiences varying amounts of privilege and subalternity from the multiple frames of oppression that frame and shape everyone’s lives

60
Q

Kessler & Mckenna - Gender Attribution

A
  • more than inspection but a process of inculcating gendered roles, self-concepts, and feelings of being man or woman
  • deciding whether someone is male or female when we see a new person - basically just assumptions
61
Q

Risman - Gender Structure

A

1.) Macro - ideologies, institutions - birth certificates
2.) Individual - socialized gender and one’s relation to it
3.) Interactional - orientation toward others and the world

62
Q

true believers

A

old school traditionalists believe in gender binary, even invested it it - mostly all cis- heterosexual

‘gender is God-given or rooted in nature”

Macro - ideologies fused within conventional cis-gender order - bio-essentialism or religion
Individual - fully internalized cis-gendered masculine & feminine personalities and orientations
Interactional - somewhat judgmental of when norms are breached, taboos against same-sex mixing

63
Q

Innovators

A

see old gender norms as oppressive and strive to lead gender egalitarian lives ( about half are not straight)

“feminism is a normative part of life”

Macro - reject the notion that men & women ought to be different
Individual - comfort in mixing & matching stereotypically masculine and feminine attributes
Interactional - seek to expand or undo gender beyond interactional expectations

64
Q

Rebels

A

genderqueer, transgress against gender structure ( many reject labels)

“overt transgression against gender structure”

Macro - the binary is oppressive, and idealizes an alternate structure containing an immense choice
Individual - proud to mix& match and exist outside the gender binary
Interactional - receive & confront constant policing from others

65
Q

straddlers

A

mix & match, accept some aspects of gender structure but reject others

” I care less for gender and want everyone to be who they are”

hodgepodge of all the other types in a loose fashion
less prideful than innovators
mostly heterosexual

66
Q

Berdache

A

were not homosexual ( no relations with same-sex), hermaphrodites ( not assigned a specific special sex category at birth), and transvestites ( not taking the role of the other gender)

gender categorization different from our own society

67
Q

primary sex characteristics

A

organs necessary for biological reproduction

68
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

bodily differences that distinguish males and females

69
Q

transgender - old term transexual

A

depart from common gender conceptions of femininity and masculinity by rejecting biology as a determinant for their gender identity

70
Q

incest taboo

A

norm forbidding sexual relations between certain kin

71
Q

sexual orientation

A

one’s preference for and/or emotional and physical attraction to other persons

72
Q

heterosexuality

A

individual’s sexual orientation revolves around them being physically and emotionally attracted to members of the opposite sex in the 2 gender system of the western world

73
Q

homosexuality

A

individual’s sexual orientation revolves around them being physically and emotionally attracted to members of the same sex in the 2 gender system of the Western world

74
Q

homophobia

A

discomfort over close personal interactions with people to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual (non-heterosexual) in Western cultures

75
Q

Sexual Bio-Essentialism

A

regarding sexual identity in the US posits that categories of sexual orientation like homosexual and heterosexual are authentic and natural

76
Q

Levay Study

A

measured brains of cadavers only presumed to be exclusively homosexual and heterosexual - only 35

no verification that the 16 non-homosexual cadavers were practicing heterosexual

all homosexual cadavers had died of AIDs related complications

no information on life histories

77
Q

Levay Study - brain

A

a cluster of cells in the hypothalamus that is larger in heterosexual men than in heterosexual women or homosexual men

78
Q

Foucault

A

homosexual not in the Western language until the 19th century

79
Q

compulsory heterosexuality

A

individuals are coerced into heterosexual practices through processes of socialization as well as broader societal values that deem heterosexuality to be “normal” while other modes of sexual orientation are deemed to be inherently deviant and stigmatic

80
Q

Lancaster - Cochone

A

1.) passivity in intercourse - male or female
2.) not defined by oral or manual sex
3.) do not have sex with each other
4.) sexual practices and identity stigmatized
5.) object through which power and valorization is gained by machistas

81
Q

Lancaster - Machista

A

1.) active role in intercourse - always male
2.) not defined by oral or manual sex
3.) DO NOT have sex with one another
4.) sexual practices and identity valorized
5.) identity and practices support masculinity
6.) socially expected to be aroused and have sex with both men and women

82
Q

Western - homosexual

A

1.) defined by sexual activity with/attraction to members of the same sex - M-M, F-F
2.) oral/manual sex can play a defining role
3.) have sex with another - gender appropriate
4.) sexual practices and identity stigmatized generally
5.) do not support masculinity for men

83
Q

Western - heterosexual

A

1.) defined by sexual activity with members of the opposite sex
2.) Oral/manual sex can play a defining role
3.)have sex with another - M-F
4.) sexual practices and identity for men valorized
5.) sexual identity and practices support masculinity (for men)
6.) (men) socially expected to be aroused by and penetrate women
7.) A female heterosexual is an object through which power and valorization is gained for men

84
Q

queer theory

A

challenges an alleged heterosexual bias in society; namely that our society is characterized by heterosexism

85
Q

heterosexism

A

view that the heterosexual perspective is privileged in American society since it stigmatizes anyone who is not heterosexual

86
Q

heteronormativity

A

constraints, demands, and expectations of people in a society where heterosexuality is the norm

87
Q

Queer Theory hallmarks - Pascoe

A

1.) Sexuality and Sexual Power pervade social life
2.) Sexual and gender categories are always problematic
3.) willing to examine heteronormativity and heterosexuality as products of society

88
Q

Pascoe - fag discourse

A

heteronormativity supported in interaction and by school administration

“fag” is an epithet that marks a discursive and social position of “failed masculinity” that regulates boys’ interactions

plays a role in perpetuating heterosexual norms and disciplines boys’ interactions, participation in “compulsory heterosexuality”

Fall Semester - Finals Week (3 decks)

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