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Fall Semester - Finals Week > Sociology Exam 2 Content > Flashcards

Sociology Exam 2 Content Flashcards

1
Q

social stratification

A

arrangement of society into a series of layers or strata based on unequal distribution of resources, prestige, or power, such that the stratum at the top has the most resources

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2
Q

social differentiation

A

perceiving and differentiating people into distinct categories and/ or social roles

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3
Q

social inequality

A

people of certain categories or roles have unequal access to valued resources, services, and positions in society

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4
Q

Import things about Social Stratification

A

1.) not a reflection of individual differences but a trait of society
2.) carries over from generation to generation
3.) also involves beliefs

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5
Q

Castes

A

reincarnation
the belief that caste and ascriptive differentiation is justified inequality
no social mobility ( moving up or down)

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6
Q

class

A

meritocracy
emphasis on achievement -> justified inequality
social mobility possible

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7
Q

meritocracy

A

the belief that achievement overcomes ascription

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8
Q

social mobility

A

moving up or down in a system
can be intergenerational or intragenerational

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9
Q

intergenerational

A

what your children do or what you do relative to your parents

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10
Q

intragenerational

A

what you do, or what has been possible for you or your generation to do in your specific lifetime

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11
Q

plutocracy

A

government by the wealthy
an elite or ruling class of people whose power derives from their wealth

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12
Q

Weber

A

class is a continuum from high to low rather than a 2-class model with rigid boundaries
status, prestige, and power are reflected in class positioning

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13
Q

Socioeconomic status (SES)

A

hallmark variable in sociology
composite metric that refers to a person’s ranking along several dimensions of inequality - education, occupational prestige, and income

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14
Q

upper class

A

upper upper
lower upper
corporate class

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15
Q

upper upper

A

top 1%
seeing the biggest gains in wealth

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16
Q

lower upper uppers

A

2-3%
have to work to maintain lifestyles

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17
Q

corporate class

A

high corporate positions, supplanting family capitalism

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18
Q

middle class

A

35% or so of the population and is shrinking
consists of the:
upper-middle
avg-middle

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19
Q

upper-middle

A

120-220K a year
college educated professionals

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20
Q

avg middle

A

less prestigious white collar, skilled blue collar
depend heabily on earnings to maintain lifestyle
50 - 120K

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21
Q

working class

A

another 35% or so of the population
30-50k
little to no property
conformity and adherence to rules

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22
Q

Lower Class

A

20-25% of population and growing
instability
poverty - absolute or relative

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23
Q

absolute poverty

A

condition where household income is insufficient to afford basic necessities of life
criteria do not change by economic growth

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24
Q

relative poverty

A

when households recieve 50% less median income than the average median incomes
criteria will change with economic growth

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25
Q

functionalism

A

stratification and inequality is beneficial to society
individuals are rewarded for fulfilling valuable positions in society
poverty provides motivation
poverty provides a cheap labor force
poverty keeps prices down

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26
Q

Common Critiques of the functionalist view

A

1.) difficulty of specifying value
2.) suffocating the talents of those that might otherwise benefit the society

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27
Q

Conflict - Marxism

A

stratification that results from capitalism has done little for the poor
the working and upper class have opposed interests
reconstruct society to benefit all rather than a few

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28
Q

critiques of the conflict view

A

1.) unequal rewards motivate people
2.) presence of a middle class
3.) decentralization of corporate structures
4.) labor gains

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29
Q

industrialism vs. post-industrialism

A

movement from factory style labor to service sector work

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30
Q

capitalism vs socialism

A

modes of industrialism

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31
Q

capitalism

A

means of production are privately owned and market forces determine production and distribution

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32
Q

socialism

A

means of production are collectively owned and the state directs production and distribution

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33
Q

social groups

A

collections of people who take each other’s behavior into account as they interact, and develop a sense of togetherness

34
Q

primary affinity

A

intimate cooperative, face-to-face personally oriented, defined by “who” the group is

35
Q

secondary affinity

A

limited participation, impersonality, formal, associative ties, goal-oriented, defined more by “what” the group seeks to accomplish

36
Q

in group

A

people feel belonging

37
Q

out group

A

people do not feel belonging

38
Q

Georg Simmel - dyad versus triad

A

the shift between the dyad and triad involves a:
1.) greater loss of intimacy
2.) coalition potential
3.) individual influence diminishes

39
Q

expressive leaders

A

focused on group well-being solidarity , cohesion, and morale

40
Q

instrumental leaders

A

focused on the completion of tasks

41
Q

groupthink

A

intense social pressure within a group to conform to group norms and abandon individual critical thinking

42
Q

reference groups

A

groups whose values, norms, and beliefs serve as a standard for one’s own behavior

43
Q

formal organizations

A

a cornerstone of the modern world and large secondary groups organized around achieving goals

44
Q

utilitarian organization

A

people join for material incentives

45
Q

normative organization

A

people join for moral causes (NRA, PETA)

46
Q

Coercive organization

A

membership is involuntary

47
Q

modern rationality

A

a way of thinking that emphasizes deliberate matter of fact calculation of the most efficient and effective way to accomplish a particular task

48
Q

bureaucracy

A

a form of organization based on explicit rules, with a clear, impersonal, and hierarchical structure
designed to execute organizational tasks and objectives more efficiently

49
Q

ritualism

A

preoccupation with rules that get to a point where it thwarts an organization’s goals

50
Q

alienation

A

people feel alienated from organizations designed to serve them

51
Q

Mcdonaldized buisness principles

A

the process by which the principles of the fast-food industry are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as the rest of the world
- efficiency, calculability, predictability, control

52
Q

efficiency

A

the optimum way of getting from one point to another, or the way that is quicker to achieve a goal

53
Q

calculability

A

the quantitative aspects of products sold, services offered, dimensions of interaction

54
Q

predictability

A

the assurance that a product or interaction will be the same in all places

55
Q

Weber’s Iron Cage

A

irrationalities can arise to form rationality
the process of rationalization becoming so pervasive that it takes over every sphere of social life, where we are only able to move from one rationalized structure to another

56
Q

deviance

A

violation of the norm, criminally sanctioned or not

57
Q

crime

A

legal violation, socially sanctioned or not

58
Q

social controls

A

mechanisms that monitor behavior and sanction the violation of social norms

59
Q

internal social controls

A

seated within the individual and learned through the socialization processese

60
Q

external social controls

A

rely on societal mechanisms

61
Q

biological deviance

A

genetic factors or biological makeup explain deviance

62
Q

personal/psychological deviance

A

some individuals lack social controls

63
Q

social deviance

A

cultural context explains deviance

64
Q

labeling theory

A

labels people are given affect their own and other’s perceptions of them
1.) stigma
2.) primary and secondary deviance
3.) retrospectively and projectivity
4.) difference as deviance when combined with power

65
Q

stigma

A

a powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person’s self-concept and social identity

66
Q

primary deviances

A

provoke only a slight reaction that holds an impact on a persons conception of self

67
Q

secondary deviances

A

strong reaction, where a deviating person takes on a deviant identity

68
Q

retrospect

A

reinterpreting past in light of present behaviors

69
Q

projective

A

deviant identity extrapolated into the future

70
Q

saints and roughnecks

A

“headed for diaster” vs. “headed for success”

71
Q

functionalism and deviance

A

deviance is necessary for social organization
deviance affirms cultural values
deviance brings people together in repudiation of it

72
Q

laws and conflict perspective

A

disempowered groups’ deviances are formally codified into laws that criminalize their deviances magnitudes more than privileged groups

73
Q

Bruce Western

A

1.) Laws are being written in a way that being poor or disadvantaged come to be illegal - 100 -1 crack rule
2.) Police arrest and scrutinize the poor more frequently
3.) judges may treat defenders more harshly once in court

young black males are going to jail more compared to the recent past

74
Q

reasons for punishment

A

retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, recidivism

75
Q

retribution

A

an act of moral vengence in which a society makes the offender suffers as much as the suffering caused by the crime

76
Q

deterrence

A

attempt to discourage criminality through the use of punishment
reform measure

77
Q

rehabilitation

A

a program for reforming the offender to prevent later offenses

78
Q

white collar crime

A

committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations for either personal gain or to further a formal organization’s goals

79
Q

occupational

A

crimes committed exclusively for personal gain without the support of the formal organization

80
Q

organizational

A

crimes committed with the support and encouragement of an organization whose goals the crime is intended to advance

Fall Semester - Finals Week (3 decks)

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