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Fall Semester - Finals Week > Sociology Exam 1 Content > Flashcards

Sociology Exam 1 Content Flashcards

1
Q

sociological perspective

A

seeing general patterns in the behavior of particular people
seeing the general in the particular

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2
Q

Durkheim - Social Facts

A
  • social level forces external to individuals that constrain behavior
    -general over the whole of society while having an existence independent of individual manifestations
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3
Q

social fact

A

a thing originating in the institutions of a society which affects the behavior or attitudes of an individual member of that society

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4
Q

socialization

A

a continuing process whereby an individual acquires a personal identity and learns the values, norms, behavior, and social skills of their society and their position within that society

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5
Q

culture

A

the ways of thinking, acting and material objects that together form a people’s way of life
link to the past and guide to the future

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6
Q

symbols

A

something which people attach meaning to, carries a particular shared, meaning.
varies by culture

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7
Q

language

A

an entire system of symbols
textual & oral

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8
Q

values

A

what is upheld as good, desirable, beautiful, cool versus bad, undesirable, ugly, uncool

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9
Q

beliefs

A

statements held to be true

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10
Q

norms

A

expectations that guide behavior

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11
Q

folkways

A

customs, tradition

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12
Q

mores

A

far-reaching, high significance, elicit, and strong feelings & reactions

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13
Q

culture shock

A

personal discrimination when experiencing a new way of life

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14
Q

ethnocentrism

A

belief that one’s own culture is superior to all others

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15
Q

cultural relativism

A

the idea of universal truth in ethics is a myth and the customs of different societies are all that exist

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16
Q

theory

A

body of plausible assertions that explain a phenomenon on social levels

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17
Q

Comte

A

coined “sociology”
brought positivism to sociology
was the first functionalist

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18
Q

positivism

A

belief that there exists an objective and understandable reality that can be FULLY accessed and understood by the researcher

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19
Q

structural functionalism

A

a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts promote solidarity and stability

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20
Q

Herbert Spencer

A

lower to higher forms - barbarian to civilized
differentiation - more societal organs
social Darwinism

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21
Q

Durkheim

A

social solidarity is the glue of society
a properly functioning society promotes stability, order, harmony

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22
Q

collective consciousness

A

modes of thought, ideas that are common to and bind society together
where social facts are passed on

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23
Q

solidarity

A

fundamental ‘glue of society’
promotes stability, harmony, and order

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24
Q

mechanical solidarity

A

unity that people feel as a result of performing similar tasks and possessing a shared consciousness that stems from these shared tasks
repressive law - sacred and profane

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25
Q

organic solidarity

A

interdependence that results from the division of labor
restitutive law

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26
Q

Anomic Suicide

A

lack of social regulation, individuals in recess

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27
Q

egoistic suicide

A

lack of social integration, individual animated

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28
Q

altruistic suicide

A

excessive social regulation, individuals in recess

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29
Q

fatalistic suicide

A

excessive social integration, individually animated

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30
Q

anomie

A

breakdown of instability from a breakdown of standards

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31
Q

Robert Merton

A

functions and dysfunctions
can be manifest or latent - foreseen/intended vs not foreseen/intended

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32
Q

Functions and Dysfunctions

A

consequences that have an adverse effect on a system’s adaptability

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33
Q

Merton’s functionalist Fix

A

remove bias by looking for whom something is functional, and explore
- manifest functions and dysfunctions, latent functions and dysfunctions

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34
Q

Merton’s Strain Theory

A

conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion

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35
Q

conformity

A

accept institutionalized means and cultural goals

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36
Q

innovation

A

accept cultural goals and reject institutionalized means

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37
Q

ritual

A

reject cultural goals and accept institutionalized means

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38
Q

retreatism

A

reject cultural goals and institutionalized means

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39
Q

rebellion

A

new means and goals

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40
Q

Marx

A

It is all about conflict
class conflict and human history

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41
Q

Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat

A

tension due to the means of production
exploitative conditions of industrialism

42
Q

Marx believed capitalism would destroy itself b/c

A
  • poor working conditions and low wages for the proletariat
  • competition among capitalists/bourgeoisie
  • working alienation and overcoming false consciousness
43
Q

Pillars of Marxism - Human Potential

A

1.) Human beings’ essential and natural needs are satisfied through performing labor that provides people with the material things they need to survive
2.) Human beings’ essential and natural needs are satisfied through work that allows them to express their creativity
3.) Human beings are naturally most satisfied when they work collectively for the good of the community

44
Q

Alienation and Human Potential

A

1.) productive work - choice of labor
2.) product produced - fruits of labor taken by capitalists
3.) other workers - unnatural state where humans are otherwise naturally collaborative
4.) species being - human creativity separates us from animals

45
Q

overcoming false consciousness

A

workers seize means of production to provide basic needs for all
human focus on human relationships, personal passions and creativity instead of struggling to survive
ULTIMATELY REACH HUMAN POTENTIAL

46
Q

Macro Theory

A

Durkheim and Marx

47
Q

Middle Ground or syntheses

A

Merton and Bourdieu

48
Q

Micro Theory

A

Goffman and Garfinkel

49
Q

Bourdieu

A

Cultural factors reinforce social inequality along with economic

50
Q

cultural capital

A

micro-level social interactions rooted in cultures associated with macro factors can reinforce social macro-scale
hierarchies
- interpersonal skills and habits that can be used to gain advantage in society

51
Q

economic capital

A

wealth, socio-economic status

52
Q

symbolic interaction

A

study of the processes by which people act in relation to others and the systems of means that relate to those interactions

53
Q

status

A

a social position one occupies

54
Q

ascribed status

A

social position one occupies

55
Q

achieved status

A

voluntary position

56
Q

role

A

behaviors expected of someone with a status

57
Q

Goffman

A

stage of social life - claiming roles competently with others
dramaturgical analysis

58
Q

dramaturgical analysis

A

life as a theater - costumes, props, front/back stage etc.

59
Q

impression management

A

techniques actors use to maintain certain roles and performances once they have claimed certain roles

60
Q

Ethnomethodology

A

studies ordinary members of society using common sense in everyday situations
how things are happening
the social construction of reality
focus on mundane behaviors

61
Q

breaching experiments

A

ex. taking items from others’ shopping carts
designed to disrupt the presumption of coherent reality
accounts how individuals explain, criticize, and idealize specific situations
alternative possible social realities based on different norms

62
Q

scientific method

A

making a hypothesis based on theory and designing an experiment to test it

63
Q

Durkheim’s Method

A

quantitative data from official statistics across the nation and various demographics

64
Q

empirical evidence

A

information verified by our senses
primary methods - quantitative + qualitative

65
Q

quantitative methods

A

heavily rely on statistical and mathematical techniques to answer questions about social behavior
ex. Surveys
positivism

66
Q

surveys

A

polls a survey of respondents
takes a sample to represent a target population

67
Q

qualitative methods

A

utilize techniques that capture the subjective way people perceive the world
and how they confer meanings to situations
ex. interviews, ethnography, interpretive sociology
post-positivism

68
Q

interviews

A

rich and detailed information on participants experiences and interpretations of open-ended questions

69
Q

ethnography/participant observation

A

document rituals identify cultural norms, beliefs,structures and patterns

70
Q

interpretive sociology

A

meanings that people attach to the social world

71
Q

experiment

A

procedure for studying the relation between two or more variables under controlled conditions
tests a hypothesis/ educated guess of how variables are linked

72
Q

correlation

A

when two variables appear to be linked/related

73
Q

independent variables

A

cause

74
Q

dependent variables

A

effect

75
Q

spurious correlation

A

correlation that is not explained by other factors

76
Q

critical sociologist

A

reject a value-neutral orientation and emphasize that sociologists should be activists in pursuit of greater social equality

77
Q

Ethics

A

distinguish right from wrong
benefits must outweigh the risk

78
Q

ASA Code of Ethics

A

protect subjects - avoid harm, obtain informed consent, avoid deception, maintain privacy
maintain honesty
achieve valid results
to encourage appropriate application

79
Q

socialization

A

the lifelong process of an individual or group learning the expected norms and customs of a group or society through social interaction

80
Q

Development of Self

A

the unique ability of being able to see ourselves form the outside

81
Q

Cooley - “Looking Glass Self”

A

we internalize the reactions of others
1.) imagine how we appear to others
2.) interpret others reactions
3.) develop a “self-concept”

82
Q

Mead

A

self is more then just a runway street

83
Q

significant others

A

individuals with a significant influence on the lives of children

84
Q

the generalized other

A

norms, values, attituded, and expectations of people in general

85
Q

Development of Self

A

imitation
play stage - significant other
game stage - generalized other

86
Q

Meadian “Self”

A

I - active
me - passive

87
Q

Me

A

passive
part of self-created through socialization
predictability and conformity come from the “me”

88
Q

I

A

active
part of self that is spontaneous, unpredictable, & creative
acts in extreme situations of rage to excitement

89
Q

Agents of socialization

A

people/ groups that affect our perceptions of ourselves, our attitudes behaviors and orientations
ex. family, school, peer group, consumed media

90
Q

Laraeu - Class

A

social class and parenting styles
working class vs. upper class

91
Q

working class parents

A

tend to stress obedience and deference in child rearing and think children naturally develop

92
Q

upper class parents

A

tend to strengthen interpersonal skills in child rearing and children need guidance

93
Q

concerted cultivation

A

method of parenting in which children’s talents are nurtured through organized leisure activities and the usage of reasoning rather than directives

94
Q

accomplishment of Natural Growth

A

children do not participate in structured activities as much, parents have less time to impress values on children’s that will give an advantage, parents offer directives

95
Q

Bourdieu and Capital

A

Economic
Social
Symbolic
Cultural

96
Q

Cultural capital

A

interpersonal skills and habits that can be used to gain an advantage in society

97
Q

economic capital

A

money or material objects used to produce goods and services

98
Q

social capital

A

positions and relations in social networks to obtain other forms of capital

99
Q

symbolic capital

A

the ability to justify other forms of capital

100
Q

life course

A

a sequence of socillay defined roles that an individual enacts over the course of their lifetime
childhood –> Adolescence –> Adulthood –> old age

101
Q

emerging adulthood

A

new phase in the life course
middle ground between adolescence and adulthood to capture the more complex path to adulthood many contemporary young persons are experiencing

102
Q

Arnett

A

identity exploration
instability
self-focus
feeling in between
age of possibilities

Fall Semester - Finals Week (3 decks)

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