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Fall Semester - Finals Week > Sociology Exam 1 Content > Flashcards

Sociology Exam 1 Content Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

sociological perspective

A

seeing general patterns in the behavior of particular people
seeing the general in the particular

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2
Q

Durkheim - Social Facts

A
  • social level forces external to individuals that constrain behavior
    -general over the whole of society while having an existence independent of individual manifestations
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3
Q

social fact

A

a thing originating in the institutions of a society which affects the behavior or attitudes of an individual member of that society

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4
Q

socialization

A

a continuing process whereby an individual acquires a personal identity and learns the values, norms, behavior, and social skills of their society and their position within that society

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5
Q

culture

A

the ways of thinking, acting and material objects that together form a people’s way of life
link to the past and guide to the future

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6
Q

symbols

A

something which people attach meaning to, carries a particular shared, meaning.
varies by culture

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7
Q

language

A

an entire system of symbols
textual & oral

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8
Q

values

A

what is upheld as good, desirable, beautiful, cool versus bad, undesirable, ugly, uncool

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9
Q

beliefs

A

statements held to be true

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10
Q

norms

A

expectations that guide behavior

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11
Q

folkways

A

customs, tradition

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12
Q

mores

A

far-reaching, high significance, elicit, and strong feelings & reactions

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13
Q

culture shock

A

personal discrimination when experiencing a new way of life

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14
Q

ethnocentrism

A

belief that one’s own culture is superior to all others

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15
Q

cultural relativism

A

the idea of universal truth in ethics is a myth and the customs of different societies are all that exist

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16
Q

theory

A

body of plausible assertions that explain a phenomenon on social levels

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17
Q

Comte

A

coined “sociology”
brought positivism to sociology
was the first functionalist

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18
Q

positivism

A

belief that there exists an objective and understandable reality that can be FULLY accessed and understood by the researcher

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19
Q

structural functionalism

A

a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts promote solidarity and stability

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20
Q

Herbert Spencer

A

lower to higher forms - barbarian to civilized
differentiation - more societal organs
social Darwinism

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21
Q

Durkheim

A

social solidarity is the glue of society
a properly functioning society promotes stability, order, harmony

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22
Q

collective consciousness

A

modes of thought, ideas that are common to and bind society together
where social facts are passed on

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23
Q

solidarity

A

fundamental ‘glue of society’
promotes stability, harmony, and order

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24
Q

mechanical solidarity

A

unity that people feel as a result of performing similar tasks and possessing a shared consciousness that stems from these shared tasks
repressive law - sacred and profane

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25
organic solidarity
interdependence that results from the division of labor restitutive law
26
Anomic Suicide
lack of social regulation, individuals in recess
27
egoistic suicide
lack of social integration, individual animated
28
altruistic suicide
excessive social regulation, individuals in recess
29
fatalistic suicide
excessive social integration, individually animated
30
anomie
breakdown of instability from a breakdown of standards
31
Robert Merton
functions and dysfunctions can be manifest or latent - foreseen/intended vs not foreseen/intended
32
Functions and Dysfunctions
consequences that have an adverse effect on a system's adaptability
33
Merton's functionalist Fix
remove bias by looking for whom something is functional, and explore - manifest functions and dysfunctions, latent functions and dysfunctions
34
Merton's Strain Theory
conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion
35
conformity
accept institutionalized means and cultural goals
36
innovation
accept cultural goals and reject institutionalized means
37
ritual
reject cultural goals and accept institutionalized means
38
retreatism
reject cultural goals and institutionalized means
39
rebellion
new means and goals
40
Marx
It is all about conflict class conflict and human history
41
Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat
tension due to the means of production exploitative conditions of industrialism
42
Marx believed capitalism would destroy itself b/c
- poor working conditions and low wages for the proletariat - competition among capitalists/bourgeoisie - working alienation and overcoming false consciousness
43
Pillars of Marxism - Human Potential
1.) Human beings' essential and natural needs are satisfied through performing labor that provides people with the material things they need to survive 2.) Human beings' essential and natural needs are satisfied through work that allows them to express their creativity 3.) Human beings are naturally most satisfied when they work collectively for the good of the community
44
Alienation and Human Potential
1.) productive work - choice of labor 2.) product produced - fruits of labor taken by capitalists 3.) other workers - unnatural state where humans are otherwise naturally collaborative 4.) species being - human creativity separates us from animals
45
overcoming false consciousness
workers seize means of production to provide basic needs for all human focus on human relationships, personal passions and creativity instead of struggling to survive ULTIMATELY REACH HUMAN POTENTIAL
46
Macro Theory
Durkheim and Marx
47
Middle Ground or syntheses
Merton and Bourdieu
48
Micro Theory
Goffman and Garfinkel
49
Bourdieu
Cultural factors reinforce social inequality along with economic
50
cultural capital
micro-level social interactions rooted in cultures associated with macro factors can reinforce social macro-scale hierarchies - interpersonal skills and habits that can be used to gain advantage in society
51
economic capital
wealth, socio-economic status
52
symbolic interaction
study of the processes by which people act in relation to others and the systems of means that relate to those interactions
53
status
a social position one occupies
54
ascribed status
social position one occupies
55
achieved status
voluntary position
56
role
behaviors expected of someone with a status
57
Goffman
stage of social life - claiming roles competently with others dramaturgical analysis
58
dramaturgical analysis
life as a theater - costumes, props, front/back stage etc.
59
impression management
techniques actors use to maintain certain roles and performances once they have claimed certain roles
60
Ethnomethodology
studies ordinary members of society using common sense in everyday situations how things are happening the social construction of reality focus on mundane behaviors
61
breaching experiments
ex. taking items from others' shopping carts designed to disrupt the presumption of coherent reality accounts how individuals explain, criticize, and idealize specific situations alternative possible social realities based on different norms
62
scientific method
making a hypothesis based on theory and designing an experiment to test it
63
Durkheim's Method
quantitative data from official statistics across the nation and various demographics
64
empirical evidence
information verified by our senses primary methods - quantitative + qualitative
65
quantitative methods
heavily rely on statistical and mathematical techniques to answer questions about social behavior ex. Surveys positivism
66
surveys
polls a survey of respondents takes a sample to represent a target population
67
qualitative methods
utilize techniques that capture the subjective way people perceive the world and how they confer meanings to situations ex. interviews, ethnography, interpretive sociology post-positivism
68
interviews
rich and detailed information on participants experiences and interpretations of open-ended questions
69
ethnography/participant observation
document rituals identify cultural norms, beliefs,structures and patterns
70
interpretive sociology
meanings that people attach to the social world
71
experiment
procedure for studying the relation between two or more variables under controlled conditions tests a hypothesis/ educated guess of how variables are linked
72
correlation
when two variables appear to be linked/related
73
independent variables
cause
74
dependent variables
effect
75
spurious correlation
correlation that is not explained by other factors
76
critical sociologist
reject a value-neutral orientation and emphasize that sociologists should be activists in pursuit of greater social equality
77
Ethics
distinguish right from wrong benefits must outweigh the risk
78
ASA Code of Ethics
protect subjects - avoid harm, obtain informed consent, avoid deception, maintain privacy maintain honesty achieve valid results to encourage appropriate application
79
socialization
the lifelong process of an individual or group learning the expected norms and customs of a group or society through social interaction
80
Development of Self
the unique ability of being able to see ourselves form the outside
81
Cooley - "Looking Glass Self"
we internalize the reactions of others 1.) imagine how we appear to others 2.) interpret others reactions 3.) develop a "self-concept"
82
Mead
self is more then just a runway street
83
significant others
individuals with a significant influence on the lives of children
84
the generalized other
norms, values, attituded, and expectations of people in general
85
Development of Self
imitation play stage - significant other game stage - generalized other
86
Meadian "Self"
I - active me - passive
87
Me
passive part of self-created through socialization predictability and conformity come from the "me"
88
I
active part of self that is spontaneous, unpredictable, & creative acts in extreme situations of rage to excitement
89
Agents of socialization
people/ groups that affect our perceptions of ourselves, our attitudes behaviors and orientations ex. family, school, peer group, consumed media
90
Laraeu - Class
social class and parenting styles working class vs. upper class
91
working class parents
tend to stress obedience and deference in child rearing and think children naturally develop
92
upper class parents
tend to strengthen interpersonal skills in child rearing and children need guidance
93
concerted cultivation
method of parenting in which children's talents are nurtured through organized leisure activities and the usage of reasoning rather than directives
94
accomplishment of Natural Growth
children do not participate in structured activities as much, parents have less time to impress values on children's that will give an advantage, parents offer directives
95
Bourdieu and Capital
Economic Social Symbolic Cultural
96
Cultural capital
interpersonal skills and habits that can be used to gain an advantage in society
97
economic capital
money or material objects used to produce goods and services
98
social capital
positions and relations in social networks to obtain other forms of capital
99
symbolic capital
the ability to justify other forms of capital
100
life course
a sequence of socillay defined roles that an individual enacts over the course of their lifetime childhood --> Adolescence --> Adulthood --> old age
101
emerging adulthood
new phase in the life course middle ground between adolescence and adulthood to capture the more complex path to adulthood many contemporary young persons are experiencing
102
Arnett
identity exploration instability self-focus feeling in between age of possibilities

Fall Semester - Finals Week (3 decks)

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