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dlkfjldfjlsdkfjsldkjfls > Sociology exam 1 > Flashcards

Sociology exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Functionalism?

A

A macro level perspective - The way each part of society functions together to contribute to the functioning of the whole

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2
Q

What is the Conflict theory?

A

Macro level - The way inequities and inequalities contribute to social, political, and power differences and how they perpetuate power

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3
Q

What is the Symbolic-Interactionism theory?

A

Micro level - The way one-on-one interactions and communications behave.

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4
Q

What does micro-level mean?

A

Sociologists working from the micro-level study small groups and individual interactions

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5
Q

What does macro-level mean?

A

those using macro-level analysis look at trends among and between large groups and societies

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6
Q

What are manifest functions?

A

Manifest functions are the consequences of a social process that are sought or anticipated such as going to college for an education.

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7
Q

What are latent functions

A

Latent functions are the unsought consequences of a social process such as participating in extracurricular at college

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8
Q

what does Qualitative sociology look at?

A

in-depth interviews, focus groups, and/or analysis of content sources as the source of its data

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9
Q

Where does Quantitative sociology find info

A

statistical methods such as surveys with large numbers of participants

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10
Q

Discuss the two variables in experiments

A
  • Independent: independent variables (IV) are the cause of the change in the hypothesis
  • Dependent: dependent variable (DV), which is the effect, or thing that is changed
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11
Q

What does the term culture mean?

A

The term culture refers to the group’s shared practices, values, and beliefs. Culture encompasses a group’s way of life, from routine, everyday interactions to the most important parts of group members’ lives. It includes everything produced by a society, including all the social rules

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12
Q

what is non-material culture?

A

Nonmaterial culture consists of the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society

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13
Q

what is material culture

A

material culture as items you can touch-they are tangible

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14
Q

What are values?

A

a culture’s standard for discerning what is good and just in society

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15
Q

What are beliefs?

A

tenets or convictions that people hold to be true

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16
Q

What are symbols?

A

gestures or objects that have meanings associated with them that are recognized by people who share a culture

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17
Q

What are norms

A

the visible and invisible rules of conduct through which societies are structured

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18
Q

What are mores?

A

the moral views and principles of a group (norms that embody moral views)

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19
Q

What are folkways?

A

direct, appropriate behavior in the day-to-day practices and expressions of a culture (traditions without any moral underpinnings)

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20
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

ethnocentrism, which means to evaluate and judge another culture based on one’s own cultural norms. Ethnocentrism is believing your group is the correct measuring standard and if other cultures do not measure up to it, they are wrong.

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21
Q

What is cultural relativism?

A

Cultural relativism is the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards rather than viewing it through the lens of one’s own culture. Practicing cultural relativism requires an open mind and a willingness to consider, and even adapt to

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22
Q

What is language?

A

Language is a system that uses symbols with which people communicate and through which culture is transmitted

23
Q

What is status?

A

Sociologists use the term status to describe the responsibilities and benefits that a person experiences according to their rank and role in society.

24
Q

What is achieved status?

A

The status a person chooses, such as a level of education or income. achieved statuses are obtained by choice such as a high school dropout, self-made millionaire, or nurse

25
Q

What is ascribed status?

A

The status outside of an individual’s control, such as sex or race Some statuses are ascribed—those you do not select, such as son, elderly person, or female

26
Q

What are roles?

A

patterns of behavior that are representative of a person’s social status

27
Q

What is role performance

A

the expression of a role – we are all actors on a stage - dramaturgy

28
Q

What is nature?

A

the influence of our genetic makeup on self-development

29
Q

What is nurture?

A

the role that our social environment plays in self-development

30
Q

What is a peer group?

A

A peer group is made up of people who are similar in age and social status and who share interests.

31
Q

What is Socialization?

A

Socialization is the process through which people are taught to be proficient members of a society. It describes the ways that people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept society’s beliefs, and to be aware of societal values

32
Q

What is resocialization

A

The process by which old behaviors are removed and new behaviors are learned in their place. In the process of resocialization, old behaviors that were helpful in a previous role are removed because they are no longer of use. Resocialization is necessary when a person moves to a senior care center, goes to boarding school, or serves a sentence in the prison system

33
Q

What is an aggregate?

A

a collection of people who exist in the same place at the same time, but who don’t interact or share a sense of identity- such as a crowd in a train station

34
Q

What is a category?

A

people who share similar characteristics but who are not connected in any way – think Gen Z

35
Q

What is a bureaucracy?

A

formal organizations characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules, and impersonality

36
Q

what is conformity?

A

the extent to which an individual complies with group or societal norms

37
Q

What is a dyad?

A

a two-member group - unstable

38
Q

What is a triad?

A

a three-member group

39
Q

What is an expressive leader like?

A

a leader who is concerned with process and with ensuring everyone’s emotional wellbeing.

40
Q

What does an instrumental leader want?

A

a leader who is goal oriented with a primary focus on accomplishing tasks

41
Q

What is an in-group?

A

a group a person belongs to and feels is an integral part of his identity

42
Q

What is an out group?

A

a group that an individual is not a member of, and may even compete with

43
Q

What does the McDonaldization of Society refer to?

A

the increasing presence of the fast food business model in common social institutions

44
Q

What is a primary group?

A

small, informal groups of people who are closest to us.

45
Q

What is a secondary group?

A

larger and more impersonal groups that are task-focused and time limited

46
Q

What are reference groups?

A

groups to which an individual compares herself

47
Q

Why should we study sociology?

A
  1. It can help us understand our history, mistakes we have made and how and why we have corrected them.
  2. it teaches people ways to recognize how they fit into the world and how others perceive them.
  3. Sociology teaches people not to accept easy explanations. It teaches them a way to organize their thinking so that they can ask better questions and formulate better answers
  4. It can help in the workplace
48
Q

Name and explain the 3 theories

A

Functionalism: A macro level perspective - The way each part of society functions together to contribute to the functioning of the whole
Conflict theory: Macro level - The way inequities and inequalities contribute to social, political, and power differences and how they perpetuate power
Symbolic-Interactionism: Micro level - The way one-on-one interactions and communications behave

49
Q

Explain the concept of cultural relativism. Provide an example to illustrate its significance in understanding different cultures

A

Cultural relativism is the idea that all cultures are equal. For example, Americain culture is highly individualistic. Other cultures such as those found in asia value the collective. Without understanding the fundamental difference between the cultures we would find it challenging to work together.

50
Q

Goffman’s presentation of self (Ch. 4) – explain and discuss the elements of “presentation”. Give an example

A

Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman 1959). Think about the way you behave around your coworkers versus the way you behave around your grandparents versus the way you behave with a blind date. Even if you’re not consciously trying to alter your personality, your grandparents, coworkers, and date probably see different sides of you. Also includes setting and impression management

51
Q

What is the McDonaldization of Society (Ch. 6)? The 4 principles

A

Efficiency(division of labor), predictability, calculability, and control (monitoring)

52
Q

Regarding Sociological Perspective as it relates to individuals being shaped by society, explain the degree to which humans are “free

A

The idea that the individual and society are inseparable. It is impossible to study one without the other. figuration means that as one analyzes the social institutions in a society, the individuals using that institution in any fashion need to be ‘figured’ in to the analysis.

53
Q

Discuss the importance of local groups and organizations (“where life is lived”). Give examples of organizations and what they provide to the community. What is a key point from the video “Fiercely Focused” (Sunrise Community Church)?

A

Coercive organizations are groups that we must be coerced, or pushed, to join. These may include prison or a rehabilitation center. Normative organizations, also called voluntary organizations, are based on shared interests. utilitarian organizations, which, as the name suggests, are joined because of the need for a specific material. reward. High school and the workplace fall into this category—one joined in pursuit of a diploma, the other in order to make money

54
Q

Biblical Justice – (from the Tim Keller article), the 4 Facets of Justice (know and explain each)

A

radical generosity, universal equality, life-changing advocacy, and asymmetrical responsibility

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