Sociology chapters 5,6,3 Flashcards
agents of socialization
a combination of social groups and social institutions that provide the first experiences of socialization.
anticipatory socialization
the process by which non-group-members adopt the values and standards of groups that they aspire to join,
collectivist culture
emphasize the needs and goals of the group as a whole over the needs and desires of each individual
eugenics
control of mating to ensure that defective genes of troublesome individuals will not be passed down on to future generations
game stage
the final stage in Mead’s theory of how children develop self-awareness. During this stage, people learn to follow rules and how to take on social roles through their experiences in organized games involving other players
gender
The attitudes, behaviors, norms, and roles that a society or culture associates with an individual’s sex
generalized other
the perspective of the larger society and its constitute values and attitudes
identity
indicates who they are in terms of the groups to which they belong.
individualist culture
those that stress the needs of the individual over the needs of the group as a whole
looking glass self
the process wherein individuals base their sense of self on how they believe others view them.
play stage
the phase in which children start to take on and act out roles during their playtime.
reflexive behavior
behavior in which the person initiating an action is the same as the person toward whom the action is directed
resocialization
the process of learning new attitudes and norms required for a new social role.
role taking
The process of assuming the role of another individual to understand their point of view.
self
the individual person, from his or her own perspective.
sex
the different biological and physiological characteristics of males and females, such as reproductive organs, chromosomes, hormones,
socialization
the process through which people are taught to be proficient members of a society
total institution
place where individuals are cut off from wider society for an appreciable period and where together they lead an enclose formally administered life
tracking
A system that sorts students into classes by perceived ability or their achievements.
account
verbal statements made by one social actor to another to explain behaviors that are unanticipated or deviant.
aligning action
any behavior that indicates to others the acceptance of a particular definition of the situation
backstage
where performers are present but audience is not, hence the performers can step out of character without fear of disrupting the performance.
cooling out
when a person is involuntarily deprived of a role in some circumstance that implies he was not capable of it.
disclaimer
interactional tactic employed by actors faced with upcoming events or acts which threaten to disrupt emergent meanings or discredit cathected situational identities.
dramaturgy
study of social interaction as theater in which people project images in front of others
embarrassment
spontaneous feeling experienced when the identity someone is presenting is suddenly and unexpectedly discredited in front of others.
front stage
when they know that others are watching. Front stage behavior reflects internalized norms and expectations for behavior shaped partly by the setting, the particular role one plays in it, and by one’s physical appearance
impression formation
the process by which individuals perceive, organize, and ultimately integrate information to form unified and coherent situated impressions of others.
impression management
refers to the goal-directed conscious or unconscious attempt to influence the perceptions of other people about a person, object, or event by regulating and controlling information in social interaction.
performance team
set of individuals who cooperate in staging performance that leads an audience to form an impression of one or all team members.
stigma
‘situation of the individual who is disqualified from full social acceptance’.
incorrigible proposition
a belief that cannot be proved wrong and has become so much a part of common sense that one continues to believe it even in the face of contradictory evidence.
moral entrepreneur
an individual, group, or formal organization that takes on the responsibility of persuading society to develop or to enforce rules that are consistent with its own ardently held moral beliefs.
self-fulfilling prophesy
assumption or prediction that in itself causes the expected event to occur thus seeming to confirm the prophecy’s accuracy
social construction of reality
the theory that the way we present ourselves to other people is shaped partly by our interactions with others,
analysis of existing data
The study of sources collected by someone other than the researcher
content analysis
a research tool used to determine the presence of certain words, themes, or concepts within some given qualitative data
dependent variable
The variable that depends on other factors that are measured.
empirical research
based on observed and measured phenomena and derives knowledge from actual experience rather than from theory or belief.
experiment
uses the scientific method and seeks to establish a cause-effect relationship between two variables by testing a hypothesis.
field research
a qualitative method of research concerned with understanding and interpreting the social interactions of groups of people, communities, and society by observing and interacting with people in their natural settings.
historical analysis
a study of the changes to a social institution over time and the historical context of the social institution.
hypothesis
a statement that is then tested through research
independent variable
is a variable that stands alone and isn’t changed by the other variables you are trying to measure.
indicator
something that stands for a concept and enables (in quantitative research at least) a sociologist to measure that concept.
non-participant observation
observing participants without actively participating
participant observation
form of field research in which the research interact with subjects sometimes hiding his or her identity
probabilistic
capable only of identifying those forces of likelihood but not a certainty of influencing human action
qualitative research
is a type of social science research that collects and works with non-numerical data and that seeks to interpret meaning from these data that help understand social life through the study of targeted populations or places.
quantitative research
type of research that analyzes numerical and quantifiable things that can be used in statistical analysis in order to be applied to a population.
reactivity
the extent to which humans being studied respond to the research process or the researcher by changing their behavior intentionally or unintentionally.
representative
the extent to which a sample mirrors a researcher’s target population and reflects its characteristics.
sample
a subset of the population being studie
spurious relationship
false statistical relationships which fool us.
survey
A research method that collects data from respondents through a series of questions by interview or questionnaire.
theory
A statement that proposes to describe and explain why facts or other social phenomenon are related to each other based on observed patterns.
unobtrusive research
data collection methods that do not interfere with the subjects under study because the methods are not obtrusive
variable
properties or characteristics of some event, object, person, place or thing that are measurable and can take on more than one value, or vary.
visual sociology
method of studying society that uses photographs, video recordings, and film either as a means of gathering data or as sources of data about social life
