Chapter 8,9,10

Question 1

absolutism

Answer 1

Approach to defining deviance that rests on the assumption that all human behavior can be considered either inherently good or inherently bad

Question 2

criminalization

Answer 2

Official definition of an act of deviance as a crime

Question 3

deterrence theory

Answer 3

Theory of deviance positing that people will be prevented from engaging in a deviant act if they judge the cost of such an act to outweigh its benefits

Question 4

deviance

Answer 4

Behavior, ideas, or attributes of an individual or group that some people and society find offensive

Question 5

labeling theory

Answer 5

Theory stating that deviance is the consequence of the application of rules and sanctions to an offender; a deviant is an individual to whom the identity
“deviant” has been successfully applied

Question 6

medicalization

Answer 6

Definition of behavior as a medical problem, mandating the medical profession to provide some kind of treatment for it

Question 7

relativism

Answer 7

Approach to defining deviance that rests on the assumption that deviance is socially created by collective human judgment and ideas

Question 8

Bureaucracy

Answer 8

Large hierarchical organization governed by formal rules and regulations and having clearly specified specified work tasks

Question 9

de-skilling

Answer 9

Subdivision of low level jobs into small, highly specific tasks requiring less skilled employees

Question 10

free-rider problem

Answer 10

Tendency for people to refrain from contributing to the common good when a resource is available without any special cost or contribute Tatian

Question 11

division of labor

Answer 11

Specialization of different people or groups in different tasks, characteristics of most bureaucracies

Question 12

hierarchy of authority

Answer 12

Ranking of people or tasks in a bureaucracy from those at the top, where there is a great deal of power and authority, to those at the bottom, where there is very little power and authority

Question 13

McDonaldization

Answer 13

Process by which the characteristics and principles of the fast food restaurant come to dominate other areas of social life

Question 14

multinational corporation

Answer 14

Company that has manufacturing, production, and marketing divisions in multiple countries

Question 15

oligarchy

Answer 15

System of authority in which many people are ruled by a privileged view

Question 16

social dilemma

Answer 16

Potential for a societies long-term ruin because of individuals tendency to pursue their own short-term interests

Question 17

social structure

Answer 17

Framework of society social institutions, organizations, groups, statues and rolls, cultural beliefs, and institutionalize norms that I’d order and predictability to our private lives

Question 18

tragedy of the commons

Answer 18

Situations in which people acting individually and in their own self interest use a commonly available(but limited) resources, creating disaster for the entire community

Question 19

Absolute poverty

Answer 19

Inability to afford the minimum requirements for sustaining abysmal healthy existence

Question 20

Authority

Answer 20

Possession of some status or quality that compels others to obey ones directives or commands

Question 21

Caste system

Answer 21

Stratification system based on heredity, with a little movement allowed across strata

Question 22

Colonization

Answer 22

Process of expanding economic markets by invading and establishing control over weaker country and it’s people

Question 23

Competitive individualism

Answer 23

Cultural belief that those who succeed in society are those who work hardest and have the best ability and that those who suffer don’t work hard enough or lack the necessary traits or abilities

Question 24

Contradictory class locations

Answer 24

Individuals, such as middle managers and supervisors, whose positions placed in between two major classes, making it difficult to identify with one side or the other

Question 25

Culture of poverty thesis

Answer 25

Believe that poor people, resigned to their positions in society, develop a unique value structure to deal with their lack of success

Question 26

Estate system(feudal system)

Answer 26

Stratification system in which high status groups on land and have power based on noble birth

Question 27

False consciousness

Answer 27

Situation in which people in the lower classes come to accept a belief system that harms them; the primary means by which powerful classes in society prevent protest and revolution

Question 28

mean of production

Answer 28

Land, commercial enterprises, factories, and wealth that formed the economic bias of class society

Question 29

Middle class

Answer 29

In a society stratified by social class, a group of people who have an intermediate level of wealth, income, and prestige, such as managers, supervisors, executives, small business owners, and professionals

Question 30

near-poor

Answer 30

Individuals or families whose earnings are between 100% and 125% of the poverty line

Question 31

poor

Answer 31

In a society stratified by social class, a group of people who work for minimum wage or chronically unemployed

Question 32

Poverty line

Answer 32

Amount of yearly income a family requires to meet its basic needs, according to the federal government

Question 33

poverty rate

Answer 33

Percentage of people whose income falls below the poverty line

Question 34

power

Answer 34

Ability to affect decisions in ways that benefit a person or protect their interest

Question 35

prestige

Answer 35

Respect and honor given to some people in society

Question 36

relative poverty

Answer 36

Individuals economic position compared with the living standards of the majority in the society

Question 37

slavery

Answer 37

Economic form of some people are legally the property of others

Question 38

social class

Answer 38

Group of people who share similar economic position in the Society, based on their wealth and income

Question 39

social mobility

Answer 39

Movement of people or groups from one class to another

Question 40

socioeconomic status

Answer 40

Prestige, honor, respect, lifestyle associated with different positions or groups in society

Question 41

stratification

Answer 41

Ranking system for groups of people that perpetrates unequal rewards in life changes in society

Question 42

structural adjustments

Answer 42

Conditions that global financial organizations attached two countries to which they provide development aid

Question 43

upper class

Answer 43

In a society stratified by social class, a group of people who have high income and prestige and who own vast amounts of property and other forms of wealth, such as owners of large corporations, top financers, rich celebrities and politicians, and members of prestige families

Question 44

working class

Answer 44

Call in a society stratified by social class, a group of people who have a low level of wealth, income, and prestige such as individuals and factory workers, office workers, clerks, and farm and manual labor hours

Question 45

working poor

Answer 45

Employ people who constantly earn wages but do not make enough to survive