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Sociology > Sociology - Chapters 1 & 2 Key Terms and Topics > Flashcards

Sociology - Chapters 1 & 2 Key Terms and Topics Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What is a society?

A

A group of people whose members interact, reside in a definable area, and share culture.

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1
Q

Define Sociology

A

The systematic study of society and social interaction.

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2
Q

Define “Sociological Imagination”

A

How individuals understand their own and others’ past in relation to history and social structure.

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3
Q

Who pioneered Sociological Imagination?

A

C. Wright Mills

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4
Q

What is also known as the “sociological lens” or “sociological perspective”?

A

Sociological Imagination

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5
Q

What concept is a key basis for sociological perspective? Developed by Norbert Elias.

A

“Figuration”

The process of simultaneously analyzing individuals behavior and the society that shapes that behavior.

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6
Q

A German word that means to “understand deeply”

A

Verstehen

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7
Q

The view that social researchers should strive for subjectivity as they worked to represent social processes, cultural norms, and societal values

A

Antiposotivism

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8
Q

The scientific study of social patterns

A

Positivism

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9
Q

In-depth interviews, focus groups, and/or analysis of content sources as the source of its data

A

Qualitative Sociology

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10
Q

Statistical methods such as surveys with large numbers of participants

A

Quantitative Sociology

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11
Q

The social ties that bind a group of people together such as kinship, shared location, and religion

A

Social Solidarity

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12
Q

A wide-scale view of the role of social structures within a society

A

Macro level

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13
Q

The study between specific relationships between individuals or small groups

A

Micro-level theories

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14
Q

Philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them

A

Paradigms

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16
Q

sees society as a structure with interrelated
parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of individuals who make up that society. It is the oldest of the main theories of sociology.

A

Structural Functionalism

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17
Q

Another theory with a macro-level view, this looks at society as a competition for limited resources.
FOCUS - How inequalities contribute to social differences and perpetuate differences in power.

A

Conflict Theory

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18
Q

A theoretical perspective through which scholars examine the relationship of individuals within their society by studying their communication (language and symbols)

A

Symbolic Interactionism

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19
Q

a proposed explanation about social interactions or society

A

Theory

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20
Q

a measure of a study’s consistency that considers how likely results are to be replicated if a study is reproduced.

A

Reliability

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21
Q

the degree to which a sociological measure accurately reflects the topic of study

A

Validity

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22
Q

an established scholarly research method that involves asking a question, researching existing sources, forming a hypothesis, designing and conducting a study, and drawing conclusions

A

Scientific Method

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23
Q

specific explanations of abstract concepts that a researcher plans to study

A

Operational definition

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24
Q

a scholarly research step that entails identifying and studying all existing studies on a topic to create a basis for new research

A

Literature review

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25
Q

an educated guess with predicted outcomes about the relationship between two or more variables

A

Hypothesis

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26
Q

cause changes in dependent variables

A

Independent variables

27
Q

changed by other variables

A

Dependent variables

28
Q

a sociological research approach that seeks in-depth understanding of a topic or subject through observation or interaction; this approach is not based on hypothesis testing

A

Interpretive framework

29
Q

when study subjects behave in a certain manner due to their awareness of being observed by a researcher

A

Hawthorne Effect

30
Q

collect data from subjects who respond to a series of questions about behaviors and opinions, often in the form of a questionnaire

A

Survey

31
Q

a study’s participants being randomly selected to serve as a representation of a larger population

A

random sample

32
Q

represent research collected in numerical form that can be counted

A

quantitative data

33
Q

comprise information that is subjective and often based on what is seen in a natural setting

A

qualitative data

34
Q

a one-on-one conversation between the researcher and the subject

A

interview

35
Q

gathering data from a natural environment without doing a lab experiment or a survey

A

field research

36
Q

data that are collected directly from firsthand experience

A

primary data

37
Q

when a researcher immerses herself in a group or social setting in order to make observations from an “insider” perspective

A

participant observation

38
Q

observing a complete social setting and all that it entails

A

Ethnography

39
Q

in-depth analysis of a single event, situation, or individual

A

case study

40
Q

the testing of a hypothesis under controlled conditions

A

experiment

41
Q

using data collected by others but applying new interpretations

A

secondary data analysis

42
Q

using secondary data, does not include direct contact with subjects and will not alter or influence people’s behaviors

A

nonreactive research

43
Q

applying a systematic approach to record and value information gleaned from secondary data as it relates to the study at hand

A

content analysis

44
Q

a set of guidelines that the American Sociological Association has established to foster ethical research and professionally responsible scholarship in sociology

A

code of ethics

45
Q

an experimental group that is not exposed to the independent variable

A

control group

46
Q

a group divided by sociologists to be used in an experiment

A

experimental group

47
Q

evidence corroborated by direct experience and/or observation.

A

empirical evidence

48
Q

a defined group serving as the subject of a study

A

population

49
Q

a practice of remaining impartial, without bias or judgment during the course of a study and in publishing results

A

value neutrality

50
Q

School and classroom rituals, led by teachers serving as role models and leaders, regularly
reinforce what society expects from children - the informal teaching done by schools.

A

hidden curriculum

51
Q

using secondary data, does not include direct contact with subjects and will not alter or influence people’s behaviors

A

nonreactive research

52
Q

Researchers must obtain this from participants and inform subjects of the responsibilities and risks of research before they agree to partake.

A

informed consent

53
Q

This man named the scientific study of social patterns positivism. He described his philosophy in a series of books called ‘The Course in Positive Philosophy’ (1830–1842) and ‘A General View of Positivism’ (1848). He believed that using scientific methods to reveal the laws by which societies and individuals interact would usher in a new “positivist” age of history. originally studied to be an engineer.

A

Auguste Compte

54
Q

(1820–1903) this man published ‘The Study of Sociology’, the first book with the term “sociology” in the title. Spencer rejected much of Comte’s philosophy as well as Marx’s theory of class struggle and his support of communism. Instead, he favored a form of government that allowed market forces to control capitalism.

A

Herbert Spencer

55
Q

some consider him to be the world’s first
sociologist / (1332–1406) from Tunisia. He wrote about many topics of interest today, setting
a foundation for both modern sociology and economics, including a theory of social conflict, a
comparison of nomadic and sedentary life, a description of political economy, and a study connecting a tribe’s social cohesion to its capacity for power

A

Ibn Kahldun

56
Q

helped establish sociology as a formal academic discipline by establishing the first European department of sociology at the University of Bordeaux in 1895 and by publishing his Rules of
the Sociological Method in 1895. Held theory on how societies transformed from a primitive state into a capitalist, industrial society - people rise to their proper level in society based on merit.

A

Emile Durkheim

57
Q

(1818–1883) a German philosopher and economist. In 1848 he and Friedrich Engels (1820–1895) coauthored the Communist Manifesto. This book is one of the most influential political manuscripts in history. He believed that societies grew and changed as a result of the struggles of different social classes over the means of production.

A

Karl Marx

58
Q

(1864–1920) established a sociology department in Germany at the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich in 1919. Wrote on many topics related to sociology including political change in Russia and social forces that affect factory workers. Best known best for his 1904 book, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.

A

Max Weber

59
Q

social patterns that have undesirable consequences for the operation of society

A

dysfunctions

60
Q

the unrecognized or unintended consequences of a social process

A

latent functions

61
Q

sought consequences of a social process

A

manifest functions

62
Q

the laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs, fashions, rituals, and all of the cultural rules that govern social life

A

social facts

63
Q

a stable state in which all parts of a healthy society are working together properly

A

dynamic equilibrium

Sociology (4 decks)

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