Ch3 Flashcards
0
Q
Small towns and large towns are examples of what?
A
Societies
1
Q
What is culture?
A
The beliefs and behaviors of a particular social group
2
Q
What is a society?
A
A group of people who live in a definable community and who share a culture
3
Q
A representation of the beliefs and practices if a group
A
Culture
4
Q
The people represented in group
A
Society
5
Q
A society needs
A
A culture
6
Q
Culture needs a
A
society
7
Q
What is material culture?
A
The shared things we all interact with - all material things within a culture
8
Q
Cultural symbols are a makeup of what two things?
A
Material and non-material culture
9
Q
What is nonmaterial culture?
A
The ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society
10
Q
Cultural imperialism is what?
A
The deliberate imposition of one’s own values on another culture
11
Q
Ethnocentrism is what?
A
Comparing another culture to ones own, while thinking it’s less than one’s own
e.g. Danish carriage culture
12
Q
Experiencing disorientation or frustration when in a new culture
A
Culture shock
13
Q
Seeing the culture through the culture’s eyes
A
Cultural relativism
14
Q
The belief that another culture is superior to one’s own
A
Xenocentrism
15
Q
Patterns of traits that are globally common to all societies are called what?
A
Cultural universals
16
Q
Anthropologist who first recognized cultural universals
A
George Murdock
17
Q
Sports, calendar, government, community organization, customs on puberty, humor, joking, are examples of
A
Cultural universals
18
Q
A judgemental perspective on other cultures and thinking one is superior is an example of
A
Ethnocentralism
19
Q
Imposing one’s own culture to help out another culture, is an example of
A
Cultural imperialism
20
Q
Assessing a culture by its own standards - what we want to actual be able to do when assessing another culture
A
Cultural relativism
21
Q
Thinking another culture is superior than one’s own culture is an example of
A
Xenocentrism
22
Q
Opposite of ethnocentrism
A
Xenocentrism
23
Q
Xenocentrism is the opposite of what?
A
Ethnocentrism
24
What is a value?
A cuture's standard for discerning what is good and just in society.
25
Robert Kohl did what?
Mapped out 13 values of America for foreigners
26
What are Beliefs?
Tenets or convictions that people hold to be true
27
What is ideal culture?
Standards that a society would like to embrace and live up to
28
What is social control?
a way of encouraging conformity to cultural norms
29
what is real culture?
the way society really is based on and what actually occurs and exists
e.g. how people interact with church
30
what are sanctions?
a way to authorize or formally disapprove of certain behaviors
31
e.g. of informal sanctions?
ridicule, sarcasm, criticism, and disapproval - end of up snl skits
32
what are formal sanctions?
finds, imprisonment, censorships, etc. when someone does something wrong
33
what are formal norms?
established, written rules
34
what are informal informal norms?
casual behaviors that are generally and widely conformed to
35
what is language?
a symbolic system of communication - every culture has one
36
what are symbols?
gestures and objects that have meanings associated with them and are recognized by a people who share a culture
37
what is language?
language is a set of symbols that express ideas and enable people to think and communicate with one another
38
What is ethnomethodology?
deliberately disrupting social norms in order to learn more about them
39
deliberately disrupting social norms in order to learn more about them, is called what?
ethnomethodology
40
What are cultural universals?
patterns and traits that are globally common to all societies.
41
Who is George Murdock?
the anthropologist who first discovered "cultural universals."
42
Cultural relativism is what?
the practice of assessing another culture through it's own standards, and not by it's own.
43
What are values?
a culture's standard for discerning what is good and just in society
44
a culture's standard for what is good and just in a society, is called what?
values
45
What is social control?
A way to encourage conformity to social norms
46
when people encourage conformity to social norms, they are practicing...
social control
47
What are "Mores"?
the moral views and principles of a group
48
the moral views and principles of a group are called what?
mores
49
what are folkways?
direct appropriate behavior in the day-to-day practices and expressions of a culture
50
direct appropriate behavior in the day-to-day practices and expressions of a culture, are what?
folkways
51
what is the sapir-whorf hypothesis?
people understand the world based on their form of language
52
people understanding the world based on their form of language is what?
the Spir-Whorf Hypothesis
53
the idea that language shapes thought, is called what?
linguistic relativity - aka sapir-whorf hypothesis
54
what is high culture?
the cultural pattern's of a societies elite
55
what is pop culture?
mainstream, widespread patterns among a societies population
56
what is subculture?
groups that share specific identification, apart from a societies majority, even as the members exist within a larger society
57
what is counterculture?
groups that reject and oppose society's widely accepted cultural patterns.
58
what are innovations?
new objects or ideas introduced to culture for the first time
59
what are discoveries?
things and ideas found from what already exists
60
what are inventions?
a combination of pieces of existing reality into new forms
61
what is culture lag?
the gap of time between the introduction of material culture and nonmaterial's acceptance of it
62
what is globalization?
the integration of international trade and finance markets
63
what is diffusion?
the spread of material and nonmaterial culture from one culture to another
64
what are preindustrial societies?
a type of society that existed before the industrial revolution
65
how many, and what types of societies existed in preindustrial societies?
```
5,
hunter-gatherer,
pastoral,
horticultural,
agricultural,
feudal
```
66
what are the characteristics of a hunter-gatherer society?
1) strongest dependence on provision from the environment
2) based around kinship or tribes
3) would move to another area when resources were scarce
4) e.g. aborigines of Australia
67
what are the characteristics of pastoral communities?
1) rely on the domestication of animals as their means to survive
2) domesticated and tamed animals
3) cultivated their own plants
68
what are the characteristics of horticultural societies?
1) formed in areas where rainfall and other conditions allowed them to grow stable crops
2) developed around the same time as pastoral societies
3) because they didn't have to move to survive, they could create permanent settlements
69
what are the characteristics of an agricultural society?
1) relied on permanent tools for survival
2) experienced the "agricultural revolution" - the expansion of tool technology
3) human settlements grew into towns and cities, and became centers of trade and commerce
70
what was the dawn of civilization, and when did it occur?
- a time in which people had the time and comfort to do more thoughtful things, like art and philosophy.
- It occurred in the agricultural age
71
what is a nomadic society?
a society that is constantly moving. Pastoral societies were constantly moving because they were forced to follow their animals to fresh feeding grounds.
72
what are the characteristics of a feudal society?
1) came to rise in the 9th century
| 2) contained a strict hierarchal system of power based on landownership and protection.
73
what are industrial societies?
societies that were around during the industrial revolution - and all it's change.
74
what are postindustrial societies?
aka information societies, or digital societies, based on the production of information and services
75
what is collective conscience?
the communal beliefs, morals, and attitude of a society, given by Emilé Durkheim.
76
what is social integration?
the strength of ties that people have to their social groups.
something Durkeim believed and thought was a key factor in social life.
77
what is mechanical solidarity?
a type of social order maintained by the collective conscience of a culture.
-Durkheim believed this is what held together pre-industrial societies
78
what is organic solidarity?
social order based around an acceptance of economic and social differences
- Durkheim thought this is what replaced mechanical solidarity in industrial societies.
- this allows people to coexist even when they are so different.
79
what is anomie?
what can happen during a time of transition, a situation where society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness.
80
Emilé Durkheim coined what terms?
```
collective conscious,
social integration,
mechanical solidarity,
organic solidarity,
anomie
```
81
Karl Marx's theory is called what, and had a conflict between who?
Conflict theory,
the Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat
82
the Bourgeoisie are who?
the owners of the means of production
83
the Proletariat are who?
the larborers
84
what is alienation?
the condition in which the individual is isolated and divorced from his or her society, work, or the sense of self.
85
how many types of alienation are there?
4 types
1) alienation from the product of one's labor
2) alienation from the process of one's labor
3) alienation from others
4) alienation from one's self
86
what is false consciousness?
an idea Marx came up with to state the condition in which the beliefs, ideals, or ideology of a person are not in the person's best interest. i.e. the ideology of the dominant class imposed on the proletariat.
87
what is class consciousness?
the awareness of one's rank in society
88
Karl Marx coined what concepts?
```
Conflict Theory,
Bourgeoisie,
Proletariat,
Alienation - 4 types,
False Consciousness,
Class Consciousness
```
89
what is rationalization?
a belief that modern society should be around logic and efficiency rather than morality and tradition
90
Weber believed these things were the foundation of society?
status and class
91
rationalization is attributed to which thinker?
Max Weber
92
what is the iron cage?
a situation in which the individual is trapped by social institutions
93
symbolic interactionism theory is based the who's thoughts?
Max Weber
94
habituation is what?
the idea that society is constructed by us and by those before us, and its followed like a habit
95
institutionalization is what?
the act of implanting a convention or norm into society. -e.g. we all agree a school is a school
96
Thomas Theorem is what?
how a subjective reality can drive events to develop in accordance with that reality, despite being originally unsupported by objective reality
97
what is self-fulfilling prophecy?
an idea that becomes true when acted upon
98
what are roles?
patterns of behavior that are representative of a person's social status
99
what is status?
the responsibilities and benefits that a person experiences according to their rank and role in society
100
ascribed status is..
the status outside of an individual's control, like sex, race, etc.
101
achieved status is...
the status a person chooses, such as level of education or income
102
status mobility is...
our status moves or changes?
103
role expectations are...
a group of society's definition of the way a specific role should be
104
role-set is
an array of roles attached to a particular status
105
role strain is..
stress that occurs when too much is required of a single role
106
role conflict is
when one or more of an individual's roles clash
107
role performance is..
the expression of a role
108
looking-glass self is...
our reflection of how we think we appear to others
109
social structure is...
a stable pattern of social relationships that exist within a certain group or society
110
social marginality is...
state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure
111
stigma is...
showing disapproval towards someone's identity
112
Master status is...
the most important status a person occupies
113
a status symbol is...
a symbol to "telegraph information" to others about us...
114
role exit is...
when people disengage social roles that have been central to their self-identity
115
cultural change is...
when new things are added to material culture, they affect nonmaterial culture too - when something new enters society
116
what is the one value that differs in America compared to other countries?
privacy
117
what are some modern day examples of symbols used in language?
texting abbreviation, and emoticons
