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Sociology > Ch3 > Flashcards

Ch3 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Small towns and large towns are examples of what?

A

Societies

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1
Q

What is culture?

A

The beliefs and behaviors of a particular social group

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2
Q

What is a society?

A

A group of people who live in a definable community and who share a culture

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3
Q

A representation of the beliefs and practices if a group

A

Culture

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4
Q

The people represented in group

A

Society

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5
Q

A society needs

A

A culture

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6
Q

Culture needs a

A

society

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7
Q

What is material culture?

A

The shared things we all interact with - all material things within a culture

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8
Q

Cultural symbols are a makeup of what two things?

A

Material and non-material culture

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9
Q

What is nonmaterial culture?

A

The ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society

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10
Q

Cultural imperialism is what?

A

The deliberate imposition of one’s own values on another culture

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11
Q

Ethnocentrism is what?

A

Comparing another culture to ones own, while thinking it’s less than one’s own
e.g. Danish carriage culture

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12
Q

Experiencing disorientation or frustration when in a new culture

A

Culture shock

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13
Q

Seeing the culture through the culture’s eyes

A

Cultural relativism

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14
Q

The belief that another culture is superior to one’s own

A

Xenocentrism

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15
Q

Patterns of traits that are globally common to all societies are called what?

A

Cultural universals

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16
Q

Anthropologist who first recognized cultural universals

A

George Murdock

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17
Q

Sports, calendar, government, community organization, customs on puberty, humor, joking, are examples of

A

Cultural universals

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18
Q

A judgemental perspective on other cultures and thinking one is superior is an example of

A

Ethnocentralism

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19
Q

Imposing one’s own culture to help out another culture, is an example of

A

Cultural imperialism

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20
Q

Assessing a culture by its own standards - what we want to actual be able to do when assessing another culture

A

Cultural relativism

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21
Q

Thinking another culture is superior than one’s own culture is an example of

A

Xenocentrism

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22
Q

Opposite of ethnocentrism

A

Xenocentrism

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23
Q

Xenocentrism is the opposite of what?

A

Ethnocentrism

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24
Q

What is a value?

A

A cuture’s standard for discerning what is good and just in society.

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25
Q

Robert Kohl did what?

A

Mapped out 13 values of America for foreigners

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26
Q

What are Beliefs?

A

Tenets or convictions that people hold to be true

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27
Q

What is ideal culture?

A

Standards that a society would like to embrace and live up to

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28
Q

What is social control?

A

a way of encouraging conformity to cultural norms

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29
Q

what is real culture?

A

the way society really is based on and what actually occurs and exists

e.g. how people interact with church

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30
Q

what are sanctions?

A

a way to authorize or formally disapprove of certain behaviors

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31
Q

e.g. of informal sanctions?

A

ridicule, sarcasm, criticism, and disapproval - end of up snl skits

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32
Q

what are formal sanctions?

A

finds, imprisonment, censorships, etc. when someone does something wrong

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33
Q

what are formal norms?

A

established, written rules

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34
Q

what are informal informal norms?

A

casual behaviors that are generally and widely conformed to

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35
Q

what is language?

A

a symbolic system of communication - every culture has one

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36
Q

what are symbols?

A

gestures and objects that have meanings associated with them and are recognized by a people who share a culture

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37
Q

what is language?

A

language is a set of symbols that express ideas and enable people to think and communicate with one another

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38
Q

What is ethnomethodology?

A

deliberately disrupting social norms in order to learn more about them

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39
Q

deliberately disrupting social norms in order to learn more about them, is called what?

A

ethnomethodology

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40
Q

What are cultural universals?

A

patterns and traits that are globally common to all societies.

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41
Q

Who is George Murdock?

A

the anthropologist who first discovered “cultural universals.”

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42
Q

Cultural relativism is what?

A

the practice of assessing another culture through it’s own standards, and not by it’s own.

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43
Q

What are values?

A

a culture’s standard for discerning what is good and just in society

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44
Q

a culture’s standard for what is good and just in a society, is called what?

A

values

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45
Q

What is social control?

A

A way to encourage conformity to social norms

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46
Q

when people encourage conformity to social norms, they are practicing…

A

social control

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47
Q

What are “Mores”?

A

the moral views and principles of a group

48
Q

the moral views and principles of a group are called what?

A

mores

49
Q

what are folkways?

A

direct appropriate behavior in the day-to-day practices and expressions of a culture

50
Q

direct appropriate behavior in the day-to-day practices and expressions of a culture, are what?

A

folkways

51
Q

what is the sapir-whorf hypothesis?

A

people understand the world based on their form of language

52
Q

people understanding the world based on their form of language is what?

A

the Spir-Whorf Hypothesis

53
Q

the idea that language shapes thought, is called what?

A

linguistic relativity - aka sapir-whorf hypothesis

54
Q

what is high culture?

A

the cultural pattern’s of a societies elite

55
Q

what is pop culture?

A

mainstream, widespread patterns among a societies population

56
Q

what is subculture?

A

groups that share specific identification, apart from a societies majority, even as the members exist within a larger society

57
Q

what is counterculture?

A

groups that reject and oppose society’s widely accepted cultural patterns.

58
Q

what are innovations?

A

new objects or ideas introduced to culture for the first time

59
Q

what are discoveries?

A

things and ideas found from what already exists

60
Q

what are inventions?

A

a combination of pieces of existing reality into new forms

61
Q

what is culture lag?

A

the gap of time between the introduction of material culture and nonmaterial’s acceptance of it

62
Q

what is globalization?

A

the integration of international trade and finance markets

63
Q

what is diffusion?

A

the spread of material and nonmaterial culture from one culture to another

64
Q

what are preindustrial societies?

A

a type of society that existed before the industrial revolution

65
Q

how many, and what types of societies existed in preindustrial societies?

A 
5,
hunter-gatherer, 
pastoral, 
horticultural, 
agricultural, 
feudal
66
Q

what are the characteristics of a hunter-gatherer society?

A

1) strongest dependence on provision from the environment
2) based around kinship or tribes
3) would move to another area when resources were scarce
4) e.g. aborigines of Australia

67
Q

what are the characteristics of pastoral communities?

A

1) rely on the domestication of animals as their means to survive
2) domesticated and tamed animals
3) cultivated their own plants

68
Q

what are the characteristics of horticultural societies?

A

1) formed in areas where rainfall and other conditions allowed them to grow stable crops
2) developed around the same time as pastoral societies
3) because they didn’t have to move to survive, they could create permanent settlements

69
Q

what are the characteristics of an agricultural society?

A

1) relied on permanent tools for survival
2) experienced the “agricultural revolution” - the expansion of tool technology
3) human settlements grew into towns and cities, and became centers of trade and commerce

70
Q

what was the dawn of civilization, and when did it occur?

A
  • a time in which people had the time and comfort to do more thoughtful things, like art and philosophy.
  • It occurred in the agricultural age
71
Q

what is a nomadic society?

A

a society that is constantly moving. Pastoral societies were constantly moving because they were forced to follow their animals to fresh feeding grounds.

72
Q

what are the characteristics of a feudal society?

A

1) came to rise in the 9th century

2) contained a strict hierarchal system of power based on landownership and protection.

73
Q

what are industrial societies?

A

societies that were around during the industrial revolution - and all it’s change.

74
Q

what are postindustrial societies?

A

aka information societies, or digital societies, based on the production of information and services

75
Q

what is collective conscience?

A

the communal beliefs, morals, and attitude of a society, given by Emilé Durkheim.

76
Q

what is social integration?

A

the strength of ties that people have to their social groups.
something Durkeim believed and thought was a key factor in social life.

77
Q

what is mechanical solidarity?

A

a type of social order maintained by the collective conscience of a culture.
-Durkheim believed this is what held together pre-industrial societies

78
Q

what is organic solidarity?

A

social order based around an acceptance of economic and social differences

  • Durkheim thought this is what replaced mechanical solidarity in industrial societies.
  • this allows people to coexist even when they are so different.
79
Q

what is anomie?

A

what can happen during a time of transition, a situation where society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness.

80
Q

Emilé Durkheim coined what terms?

A 
collective conscious,
social integration,
mechanical solidarity,
organic solidarity,
anomie
81
Q

Karl Marx’s theory is called what, and had a conflict between who?

A

Conflict theory,

the Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat

82
Q

the Bourgeoisie are who?

A

the owners of the means of production

83
Q

the Proletariat are who?

A

the larborers

84
Q

what is alienation?

A

the condition in which the individual is isolated and divorced from his or her society, work, or the sense of self.

85
Q

how many types of alienation are there?

A

4 types

1) alienation from the product of one’s labor
2) alienation from the process of one’s labor
3) alienation from others
4) alienation from one’s self

86
Q

what is false consciousness?

A

an idea Marx came up with to state the condition in which the beliefs, ideals, or ideology of a person are not in the person’s best interest. i.e. the ideology of the dominant class imposed on the proletariat.

87
Q

what is class consciousness?

A

the awareness of one’s rank in society

88
Q

Karl Marx coined what concepts?

A 
Conflict Theory,
Bourgeoisie,
Proletariat, 
Alienation - 4 types,
False Consciousness,
Class Consciousness
89
Q

what is rationalization?

A

a belief that modern society should be around logic and efficiency rather than morality and tradition

90
Q

Weber believed these things were the foundation of society?

A

status and class

91
Q

rationalization is attributed to which thinker?

A

Max Weber

92
Q

what is the iron cage?

A

a situation in which the individual is trapped by social institutions

93
Q

symbolic interactionism theory is based the who’s thoughts?

A

Max Weber

94
Q

habituation is what?

A

the idea that society is constructed by us and by those before us, and its followed like a habit

95
Q

institutionalization is what?

A

the act of implanting a convention or norm into society. -e.g. we all agree a school is a school

96
Q

Thomas Theorem is what?

A

how a subjective reality can drive events to develop in accordance with that reality, despite being originally unsupported by objective reality

97
Q

what is self-fulfilling prophecy?

A

an idea that becomes true when acted upon

98
Q

what are roles?

A

patterns of behavior that are representative of a person’s social status

99
Q

what is status?

A

the responsibilities and benefits that a person experiences according to their rank and role in society

100
Q

ascribed status is..

A

the status outside of an individual’s control, like sex, race, etc.

101
Q

achieved status is…

A

the status a person chooses, such as level of education or income

102
Q

status mobility is…

A

our status moves or changes?

103
Q

role expectations are…

A

a group of society’s definition of the way a specific role should be

104
Q

role-set is

A

an array of roles attached to a particular status

105
Q

role strain is..

A

stress that occurs when too much is required of a single role

106
Q

role conflict is

A

when one or more of an individual’s roles clash

107
Q

role performance is..

A

the expression of a role

108
Q

looking-glass self is…

A

our reflection of how we think we appear to others

109
Q

social structure is…

A

a stable pattern of social relationships that exist within a certain group or society

110
Q

social marginality is…

A

state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure

111
Q

stigma is…

A

showing disapproval towards someone’s identity

112
Q

Master status is…

A

the most important status a person occupies

113
Q

a status symbol is…

A

a symbol to “telegraph information” to others about us…

114
Q

role exit is…

A

when people disengage social roles that have been central to their self-identity

115
Q

cultural change is…

A

when new things are added to material culture, they affect nonmaterial culture too - when something new enters society

116
Q

what is the one value that differs in America compared to other countries?

A

privacy

117
Q

what are some modern day examples of symbols used in language?

A

texting abbreviation, and emoticons

Sociology (4 decks)

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