Sociology, Anthropology, and Research Flashcards
To prevent ethnocentrism, anthropologists and sociologists advocate crosscultural understanding through a concept known as _______.
a. Cultural relativism
b. Xenocentrism
c. Cultural imperialism
d. Culture shock
Answer: A. Cultural relativism
Rationalization:
Cultural relativism
it is the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards rather than viewing it
through the lens of one’s own culture.
“He who does not know to look to the past will never reach his destination.” To
which Filipino trait does this point?
a. Pakikiisa
b. Kanya-Kanya
c. Pakikipag kapwa-tao
d. Utang na loob
Answer: D. Utang na loob
Rationalization:
Utang na loob is recognition of one’s indebtedness. This trait portrays the spirit
behind the Filipino saying, “He who does not know how to look to the past will
never reach his destination.”
Which Filipino trait is laziness disguised in religious garb?
a. Utang na loob
b. Mañana habit
c. Bahala na
d. Pakikisama
Answer: C. Bahala na
Rationalization:
Bahala na or (Resignation) - one leaves everything to chance under the pretext
of trusting in Divine providence. This trait is really laziness disguised in religious
garb.
According to one another, we Filipinos do not learn because our messages
create what psychologists call cognitive dissonance. Which behavior
demonstrates cognitive dissonance?
a. Our political leaders spend most of their time arguing
b. Parents act as role models for their children
c. Teacher tells students to come on time but comes late
d. There is so much division in the country
Answer: C. Teacher tells students to come on time but comes lat
Rationalization:
Cognitive dissonance refers to a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or
behaviors. This produces a feeling of mental discomfort leading to an alteration in
one of the attitudes, beliefs or behaviors to reduce the discomfort and restore
balance.
Which refers to the total way of life shared by members of society?
a. Sociology
b. Biosociology
c. Race
d. Culture
Answer: D. Culture
Rationalization:
Culture – the total way of life shared by members of a society, including
language, values, and material objects.
Which are the shared rules of conduct that specify how people ought to think and
act called?
a. Norms
b. Mores
c. Laws
d. Institutions
Answer: A. Norms
Rationalization:
Norms are shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific
situations
Which of the following does not accurately describe the true nature of culture?
a. Culture is learned from interaction with other people
b. Culture tells us how we ought to act and believe
c. Culture is transmitted through biological inheritance
d. Culture helps us solve problems and adapt to our environment
Answer: C. Culture is transmitted through biological inheritance
Rationalization:
Cultural inheritance refers to the storage and transmission of information by
communication, imitation, teaching and learning. It is transmitted by the brain
rather than by genes
Social institutions are enduring social structures that provide ready-made
arrangements to meet basic human problems. Which of these basic social
institutions provides community coordination, law and order, and defense?
a. The family
b. Economic Institution
c. Religion
d. Government
Answer: D. Government
Rationalization:
Government is an institution entrusted with making and enforcing the rules of a
society as well as with regulating relations with other societies. In order to be
considered a government, a ruling body must be recognized as such by the
people it purports to govern.
Which element of social structure refers to set of norms specifying the rights and
obligations associated with status?
a. Norms
b. Culture
c. Role
d. Status
Answer: C. Role
Rationalization:
Role is the set of norms, values, behaviors, and personality characteristics
attached to a status. An individual may occupy the statuses of student,
employee, and club president and play one or more roles with each one.
What social process occurs when people work together to achieve shared goals?
a. Exchange
b. Conflict
c. Competition
d. Cooperation
Answer: D. Cooperation
Rationalization:
Answer: Cooperation
is a form of social interaction wherein two or more persons work together to gain
a common end.
Competition is, in general, a contest or rivalry between two or more organisms,
animals, individuals, economic groups or social groups.
What do you call the feeling of disorganization and frustration that an overseas
contact worker may experience when he encounters entirely different patterns of
behaviors, ideas, and artifacts as his destination in a foreign country?
a. Cultural Relativism
b. Culture shock
c. Ethnocentrism
d. Xenocentrism
Answer: B. Culture shock
Rationalization:
Culture shock is often associated with traveling abroad, although it can happen in
one’s own country, state, or even hometown. Anthropologist Kalervo Oberg
(1960) is credited with first coining the term “culture shock.” In his studies, Oberg
found that most people found encountering a new culture to be exciting at first.
But bit by bit, they became stressed by interacting with people from a different
culture who spoke another language and used different regional expressions.
Punishment is a form of social control. If death penalty is imposed to scare
offenders and the rest of society into following the rules, the purpose of
punishment is ______.
a. Retribution
b. Deterrence
c. Reformation
d. Reparation
Answer: B. Deterrence
Rationalization:
Deterrence prevents future crime by frightening the defendant or the public
Wealth, prestige, and power – much unequally distributed in third world countries
like the Philippines – are the bases of divisions into social classes. This patterned
inequality is called ______.
a. Social movement
b. Social stratification
c. Social problem
d. Social mobility
Answer: B. Social stratification
Rationalization:
Answer: Social stratification
refers to the unequal distribution around the world of the three Ps: property,
power, and prestige. This stratification forms the basis of the divisions of society
and categorizations of people. In the case of the latter, social classes of people
develop, and moving from one stratum to another becomes difficult
Social Movement - loosely organized but sustained campaign in support of a
social goal, typically either the implementation or the prevention of a change in
society’s structure or values.
Social problem - is any condition or behavior that has negative consequences for
large numbers of people and that is generally recognized as a condition or
behavior that needs to be addressed.
Social mobility - movement of individuals, families, or groups through a system of
social hierarchy or stratification.
There is a revival through cooperatives of social unity, neighborliness and mutual
helpfulness of Filipinos where they voluntarily work together and pool their
resources to achieve shared goals. This Filipino practice is known as:
a. Compadre system
b. Barangay
c. Amor propio
d. Bayanihan
Answer: D. Bayanihan
Rationalization:
Bayanihan is a core essence of the Filipino culture. It is helping out one’s
neighbor as a community, and doing a task together, thus lessening the workload
and making the job easier. It is also called the ‘community spirit’. It is best
exhibited when people wish to move locations in the rural area.
Emile Durkheim believed that a major cause of suicide in industrialized nations
was the situation where the norms of society are unclear or no longer applicable
to current conditions. He called this situation ______.
a. Taboo
b. Anomie
c. Tecnic way
d. Deviance
Answer: b. Anomie
Rationalization:
Anomie occurs during periods of serious social, economic, or political upheaval,
which result in quick and extreme changes to society and everyday life. In such
circumstances, a person might feel so confused and disconnected that they
choose to commit suicide
There is a growing number of advocates of gender sensitivity. In sociology,
gender means:
a. A biological characteristic, male or female
b. The expected dispositions and behaviors that cultures assign to each sex
c. The rights and obligations for women as provided by the Constitution
d. Homosexuality as a deviant behavior
Answer: B. The expected dispositions and behaviors that cultures assign to each
sex
Rationalization:
Gender is defined as the socially constructed roles and behaviors that a society
typically associates with males and females.
A branch of Philosophy that studies the morality of human action
a. Epistemology
b. Metaphysics
c. Ethics
d. Cosmology
Answer: C. Ethics
Rationalization:
Ethics, also called moral philosophy, the discipline concerned with what is
morally good and bad and morally right and wrong. The term is also applied to
any system or theory of moral values or principles.
Which of the following may result at the departure country when Filipino
professionals emigrate to other countries?
a. Brain drain
b. Ethnic diversity
c. Population increase
d. Culture shock
Answer: A. Brain drain
Rationalization:
Brain drain is a slang term indicating substantial emigration or migration of
individuals. A brain drain can result from turmoil within a nation, the existence of
favorable professional opportunities in other countries, or from a desire to seek a
higher standard of living.
If a Catholic researcher makes a study on polygamy as practices in Islam, what
influence will likely add subjectivity to his/her findings?
a. Cultural Gap
b. Economic difference
c. Religious bias
d. Class distinction
Answer: C. Religious bias
Rationalization:
Religious bias is simple the bias against individuals on the basis of religion or
belief. And if you will let a Catholic researcher make a study on polygamy it will
likely be affected by their belief that union between man and woman should only
be in a form of monogamy.
How should social scientists view culture?
a. Difference in mores of people
b. Refinement in the arts
c. All facets of social life
d. Ways of ethical conduct
Answer: C. All facets of social life
Rationalization:
Culture is a term used by social scientists, like anthropologists and sociologists,
to encompass all the facets of human experience that extend beyond our
physical fact
He is considered Father of Modern Sociology.
a. Charles Cooley
b. Herbert Spencer
c. Emile Durkheim
d. Auguste Comte
Answer: C. Emile Durkheim
Rationalization:
Emile Durkiem is the man behind modern Sociology. He is known as father of
modern sociology because he was the first man who laid emphasis on social
reality and said it can’t be reduced to psychological reality and therefore, an
independent study of sociology is required.
Who embraced the theory of natural selection and became an influential
proponent of Social Darwinism and coined the phrase “survival of the fittest”?
a. Franz Boas
b. Auguste Comte
c. Charles Cooley
d. Herbert Spencer
Answer: D. Herbert Spencer
Rationalization:
Herbert Spencer (1820–1903) was an English philosopher who initiated a
philosophy called ‘Social Darwinism’. He coined the term ‘survival of the fittest’
seven years before Darwin’s publication of his theory of natural history, The
Origin of the Species in 1859.
.It is the scientific study of biological, social and cultural development of
humankind and seeks to find answers to questions why people are different and
how similar they are
a. Social science
b. Sociology
c. Archaeology
d. Anthropology
Answer: D. Anthropology
Rationalization:
Answer: Anthropology came from the Greek Anthropos (“human”) and logia (“study”), it is the study of
humankind, from its beginnings millions of years ago to the present day.
Social science - any discipline or branch of science that deals with human
behavior in its social and cultural aspects. The social sciences include cultural (or
social) anthropology, sociology, social psychology, political science, and
economics.
Sociology - a social science that studies human societies, their interactions, and
the processes that preserve and change them.
Archaeology - is the study of the societies and peoples of the past by examining
the remains of their buildings, tools, and other objects.
Who used the terms gemeinschaft and gesellschaft to distinguish types of
societies?
a. Robert Mclver
b. Ferdinand Toennies
c. Robert Redfield
d. Wright Mills
Answer: B. Ferdinand Toennies
Rationalization:
Early German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies introduced the concepts of
Gemeinschaft (Gay-mine-shaft) and Gesellschaft (Gay-zel-shaft) in his 1887
book Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft.
Which of the following is NOT true
a. The deviant behavior of one generation may become the norm of the next
b. All forms of deviance are bad
c. Deviant behavior is one way of adapting a culture to a social change
d. Some deviation are due to the failure of the socialization process to integrate
the cultural norms into individual’s personality
Answer: B. All forms of deviance are bad
Rationalization:
Although deviance may have a negative connotation, the violation of social
norms is not always a negative action; positive deviation exists in some
situations. Although a norm is violated, a behavior can still be classified as
positive or acceptable.
Nora Aunor became a legend in the show business because of her talent,
determination and hard work. What role does this illustrate?
a. Achieved role
b. Hereditary role
c. Ascribed role
d. Temporary role
Answer: A. Achieved Role
Rationalization:
Achieved status is something we accomplish in the course of our lives. To some
extent, achieved status reflects our work and effort
This theory emphasizes consensus, integration, and stability of the social
system.
a. Functionalist theory
b. Consensus theory
c. Conflict theory
d. Social Integration theory
Answer: A. Functionalist theory
Rationalization:
Answer: Functionalist perspective sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote
solidarity and stability. This approach looks at society through a macro-level
orientation and broadly focuses on the social structures that shape society as a
whole
Consensus theory - is the belief that members of a society or culture have the
same values and norms, creating a social consensus.
Conflict theory - states that tensions and conflicts arise when resources, status,
and power are unevenly distributed between groups in society and that these
conflicts become the engine for social change.
Social Integration - social integration refers to the ways that different groups
come together to form a whole in society.
Which group would most likely have a counter culture?
a. Musician
b. Drugs users
c. Singers
d. Dancers
Answer: B. Drug users
Rationalization:
Countercultures are shared identities among a group of people that directly
oppose and do not fit in with mainstream culture. And being a Drug user is
against the mainstream culture because drugs are perceived as harmful
substances.
If apes can be taught to use language, it denies the views that:
. Only humans can think
b. Only humans have culture
c. Apes do not have history to pass on
d. Apes are stupid
Answer: B. Only humans have culture
Rationalization:
Culture in humans and apes has the same evolutionary roots, researchers show.
Summary: Culture is not a trait that is unique to humans. By studying orangutan
populations, researchers have demonstrated that great apes also have the ability
to learn socially and pass them down through a great many generations.
Lucy a whole skeleton of a teenage girl was named after what Beatles song?
a. Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds
b. Oh Lucy! My Lucy!
c. Lucy and the world of Adventures
d. Lucy in the new world
Answer: A. Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds
Researchers named fossil AL 288-1 “Lucy”, after the Beatles’ song “Lucy in the
Sky with Diamonds”, which was being played loudly and repeatedly on a tape
recorder in the camp
Karl Marx, one of the fathers of Communism says that religion is
a. Game of life
b. The opium of the people
c. The bread of life
d. Form of harassment
Answer: B. The opium of the people
Rationalization:
Karl Marx famously disparaged religion as “the opium of the people”
Who among the following was referred to as “Upright Man”?
a. Homo Sapien
b. Homo Erectus
c. Hominid
d. Homo Habilis
Answer: B. Homo Erectus
Rationalization:
Homo erectus, (Latin: “upright man”) extinct species of the human genus (Homo),
perhaps an ancestor of modern humans (Homo sapiens).
Homo Sapien – Wise man
Hominid – Manlike primates
Homo Habilis – Handy man
Which among the following are examples of material culture?
a. Clothing
b. Folkways
c. Mores
d. Norms
Answer: A. Clothing
Rationalization:
Material culture refers to the physical objects, resources, and spaces that people
use to define their culture.
Options B, C, and D are examples of Non-material culture.
Where does Tagalog and other Philippine languages originated?
a. Malayo-Polynesian
b. Indo-Iranian
c. Teutonic or Germanic
d. Semitic
Answer: A. Malayo-Polynesian
Rationalization:
Malayo-Polynesian languages have official status in five important states:
Malagasy, in Madagascar; Malay, in Malaysia; Indonesian (also called Bahasa
Indonesia, and based on Malay), in Indonesia; Pilipino (based on Tagalog), in the
Philippines; and Maori, in New Zealand.
What is said to be the world’s largest race?
a. Negritos
b. Caucasoid
c. Australoid
d. Mongoloid
Answer: D. Mongoloid
Rationalization:
Mongoloid is the largest race, constituting roughly half of the world’s population. It
includes the peoples of Central Asia, the Chinese, the Koreans, the Japanese,
the Eskimos, and the Indians of the Americas.
According to modern science, mankind evolved through four different stages of
life. Chose the correct order
a. Hominid, Homo erectus, Homo habilis, Homo sapien
b. Hominid, Homo sapien, Homo habilis, Homo erectus
c. Hominid, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapien
d. Homo habilis, Hominid, Homo erectus, Homo sapien
Answer: C. Hominid, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapien
Rationalization:
Hominid, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapien
The greatest achievement of New Stone age was dugouts. What are dugouts?
a. Water systems
b. Wooden House
c. Boats
d. Hunting Weapon
Answer: C. Boats
Rationalization:
Dugout, as the name suggests, is a boat made by digging the wood out of a
tree’s trunk. Dugouts or hollow tree trunk boats were a kind of primitive boats,
which unlike any other type of boats, took months in the construction process
What is the focal point of anthropological investigation and analysis?
a. Culture
b. Man
c. Time and Space
d. Scientific Method
Answer: B. Man
Rationalization:
Anthropology - “Man” – Focal point of anthropological investigation and analysis
– Regardless of color, affiliation, belief, technology.
What age/period did men learn how to make tools and weapons out of rough
stones?
a. Paleolithic Period
b. New Stone Age
c. Age of Metals
d. Neolithic Period
Answer: A. Paleolithic Period
Rationalization:
Paleolithic Period, also spelled Palaeolithic Period, also called Old Stone Age,
ancient cultural stage, or level, of human development, characterized by the use
of rudimentary chipped stone tools.
It refers to marriage between one person of one sex and a minimum of two
persons of the other sex.
a. Polygamy
b. Monogamy
c. Polyandry
d. Polygyny
Answer: A. Polygamy
Rationalization:
Polygamy is the practice of having more than one spouse.
The law that protects the privacy of a respondent.
a. Data Privacy Act of 2012
b. Privacy Protection Act of 2003
c. National Research Policy of 2007
d. National Data Privacy of 2001
Answer: A. Data Privacy Act of 2012
Rationalization:
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10173
AN ACT PROTECTING INDIVIDUAL PERSONAL INFORMATION IN
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS IN THE GOVERNMENT
AND THE PRIVATE SECTOR, CREATING FOR THIS PURPOSE A NATIONAL
PRIVACY COMMISSION, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
Section 1. Short Title. – This Act shall be known as the “Data Privacy Act of
2012″.
This refers to the formal acknowledgement by research subjects that they
understand the purpose of the research and agree to be studied
a. Confidentiality Lette
b. Approval Letter
c. Informed Consent
d. Subjects’ Consent
Answer: C. Informed Consent
Rationalization:
Informed Consent means that subjects are well informed about the study, the
potential risks and benefits of their participation and that it is research, not
therapy, in which they will participate.
This is the systematic, rigorous investigation of a situation or problem in order to
generate new knowledge or validate existing knowledge.
a. Correlational Research
b. Applied Research
c. Research
d. Ethnographic Research
Answer: C. Research
Rationalization:
Research is the systematic, rigorous investigation of a situation or problem in
order to generate new knowledge or validate existing knowledge
What research method will you use if you want to know the specific genetic code
of the fruit fly?
a. Pure Research
b. Applied Research
c. Correlational Research
d. Ethnographic
Answer: A. Pure Research
Rationalization:
Pure Research - The main motivation is to expand knowledge, rather than to
create or invent something.
What research method will you use if you want to test the hypothesis “Listening
to music lowers blood pressure levels”?
a. Pure Research
b. Applied Research
c. Correlational Research
d. Ethnographic
Answer: C. Correlational Research
Rationalization:
Correlational Research - refers to the systematic investigation or statistical study
of relationships among two or more variables, without necessarily determining
cause and effect. It seeks to establish an association between two or more
variables
What research method will you use if you want to treat or cure a specific
disease?
a. Pure Research
b. Applied Research
c. Correlational Research
d. Ethnographic
Answer: B. Applied Research
Rationalization:
Applied Research - refers to scientific study and research that seeks to solve
practical problems and develop innovative technologies, rather than to acquire
knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Applied researchers may investigate ways
to improve agricultural crop production, cure illness or improve the energy
efficiency of homes.
What is a type of research conducted for a problem that has not been clearly
defined?
a. Experimental Research
b. Exploratory Research
c. Phenomenological Research
d. Qualitative Research
Answer: B. Exploratory Research
Rationalization:
Exploratory research - these types of research are conducted for a problem that
is unclearly defined. The results of exploratory research are not usually useful for
decision-making by themselves, but they can provide significant insight into a
given situation.
All birds have feathers. This animal has feathers. Therefore, this animal is a bird.
a. Inductive
b. Deductive
c. Generalization
d. Inferring
Answer: B. Deductive
Rationalization:
Deductive reasoning is a basic form of valid reasoning. Deductive reasoning, or
deduction, starts out with a general statement, or hypothesis, and examines the
possibilities to reach a specific, logical conclusion.
What is a type of research conducted where its aim is to describe an experience
as it is actually lived by the person?
a. Experimental Research
b. Exploratory Research
c. Phenomenological Research
d. Qualitative Research
Answer: C. Phenomenological Research
Rationalization:
Phenomenological research - aims to describe an experience as it is actually
lived by the person. They are powerful for understanding subjective experience,
gaining insights into people’s motivations and actions
Which of the following is not cost-effective?
a. Longitudinal Study
b. Panel Study
c. Cohort Study
d. Retrospective Study
Answer: A. Longitudinal Study
Rationalization:
Longitudinal studies require enormous amounts of time and are often quite
expensive.
Which can serve as explanation as to why people feel guilty in not observing
Church mores?
a. We are human (Tao lamang)
b. People are onion-skinned
c. Filipinos are religious by nature
d. Guilt is central to religious belief
Answer: D. Guilt is central to religious belief
Rationalization:
It is believed that when a person is conscious about religion, they are more likely
to experience feelings of shame and guilty after engaging in behaviors deemed
sinful
Philippine society has turned secular away from culture of Hispanic religiosity?
What does this prove?
a. Culture is not static
b. Culture is secular
c. Culture is not deeply rooted
d. Culture is folkloric
Answer: A. Culture is not static
Rationalization:
Culture is fluid rather than static, which means that culture changes all the time,
every day, in subtle and tangible ways.
What would you accept as true form the varied propositions of Herbert Spencer?
a. Societies compete by way of survival of the fittest
b. Societies develop from simplicity to complexity
c. Social development should not be interfered by legislators
d. Planned change will disrupt the evolution of society
Answer: B. Societies develop from simplicity to complexity
Rationalization:
Herbert Spencer, applied the principle of evolution to the social world and called
it “social evolution.” He saw social evolution as “a set of stages through which all
the societies moved from simple to the complex and from the homogeneous to
the heterogeneous.”
When are laws said to be unscientific? When laws ______.
a. Serve political interest
b. Are not supported by research
c. Focus on funding allocation
d. Are irrelevant
Answer: B. Are not supported by research
Rationalization:
Unscientific means not based on or exhibiting scientific knowledge or scientific
methodology and not in accord with the principles and methods of science.
What attitude is a need before one engages in data-gathering for research?
a. Prejudgement on result
b. Bias on hypothesis
c. Open-minded
d. Inedequacy in time
Answer: C. Open Minded
Rationalization:
Open-mindedness is a combination of intellectual humility and openness to
experience, that is, a willingness to seek out and engage with different
viewpoints, and the ability to let those experiences change your beliefs
When one consider the culture of another group as inferior to his own, this
connotes
a. Ethnocentrism
b. Cultural relativism
c. Assimilation
d. Acculturation
Answer: A. Ethnocentrism
Rationalization:
Ethnocentrism - is the attitude that one’s own group, ethnicity, or nationality is
superior to other.
When a supervisor is tasked to report unsatisfactory performance of her coworkers who are also her friends. She may experience
a. Role play
b. Role conflict
c. Role ambiguity
d. Role strain
Answer: B. Role conflict
Rationalization:
Role conflict happens when there are contradictions between different roles that
a person takes on or plays in their everyday life. And for this scenario, the
supervisor is having a conflict between her role to her work and her role to her
friends.
The process by which a member learns the norms of the group
a. Accommodation
b. Aggregation
c. Compartmentalization
d. Socialization
Answer: D. Socialization
Rationalization:
Socialization is the process through which people are taught to be proficient
members of a society. It describes the ways that people come to understand
societal norms and expectations, to accept society’s beliefs, and to be aware of
societal values.
Social control is imposed in the society to maintain what?
a. Social stigma
b. Social strata
c. Social order
d. Social mobility
Answer: C. Social order
Rationalization:
The underlying goal of social control is to maintain social order, an arrangement
of practices and behaviors on which society’s members base their daily lives.
Research that investigates a population at several intervals over a relatively long
period of time is called?
a. Cross-sectional study
b. A residual analysis
c. Secondary Analysis
d. Longitudinal research
Answer: D. Longitudinal research
Rationalization:
A longitudinal study is an observational research method in which data is
gathered for the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time. Longitudinal
research projects can extend over years or even decades. In a longitudinal
cohort study, the same individuals are observed over the study period.
