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ESA 2 > Sociology > Flashcards

Sociology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a health related behaviour?

A

Anything that promotes good health or leads to illness

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2
Q

What are examples of health related behaviours?

A

Smoking
Drinking
Exercise
Safe sex

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3
Q

What are some learning theories to help understand health related behaviour?

A

Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Social learning theory

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4
Q

What’s classical conditioning based on

A

Association of response with stimulus

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5
Q

What’s operant conditioning

A

The association of an action with a positive or negative rewards system

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6
Q

What’s social learning theory based on?

A

Observe and model behaviour models.

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7
Q

In social leaning theory when are behaviours likely to be performed

A

When they are valued and the person has self efficacy for them

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8
Q

What are some social cognition models associated with health related behaviour?

A

Cognitive dissonance theory
Health belief model
Theory of planned behaviour

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9
Q

What is cognitive dissonance theory?

A

Discomfort when actions or events don’t match belief

Change belief and therefore change behaviour

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10
Q

What does the health belief model state?

A

Beliefs about the threat of the health issue are put against beliefs about the health related behaviour, resulting in an action

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11
Q

What does the theory of planned behaviour state?

A

Our attitude towards the behaviour vs the subjective norm of the behaviour vs the perceived control we have over the choice leads to an intention to behave in a certain way

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12
Q

What are the 5 stages of change in the trantheroretical behavioural model

A 
Preparation 
Action
Maintainance
Relapse
Precontemplation
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13
Q

What are some determinants of health?

A 
Physical environment
Social 
Economic 
Genetics
Behaviour
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14
Q

What does the declaration of alma ata state?

A

Health is a fundamental right, inequalities are unacceptable.

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15
Q

What is health promotion?

A

Process of enabling people to have more control over there health

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16
Q

Acronym for health promotion principles?

What that stands for?

A 
Every.           Empowering
Person.         Participatory 
Has.              Holistic
Inherited.      Intersectoral
Equal.           Equitable 
Shares in.    Sustainable
Movement.   Multi-strategy
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17
Q

What is public health and health promotion

A

Public health the end goal

Health promotion is the process of attaining it

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18
Q

What are some types of health promotion?

A 
Medical/prevantitive
Behavioural change
Education 
Empowerment 
Social change
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19
Q

What is primary, secondary and tertiary health promotion?

A

Primary- stop exposure
Secondary- detect and treat early
Tertiary- reduce effects of established disease

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20
Q

What are some examples of dilemmas caused by health promotion?

A
  1. Nanny state
  2. Victim blaming
  3. Reinforces negative stereotypes
  4. Fallacy of empowerment
  5. Unequal distribution of responsibility
  6. Prevention paradox- input not reaching right people
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21
Q

What are some types of evaluation or health promotion?

A

Process eval
Impact eval
Outcome eval

22
Q

What are the two forms of rationing in resource allocation

A

Explicit and implicit

23
Q

What’s explicit rationing in regards to resource allocation

A

Based on defined rules of entitlement (NICE)

24
Q

What’s implicit rationing in regards to resource allocation

A

Allocation of resources through individual clincal decisions without criteria

25
Q

What can implicit rationing lead to in resource allocation?

A

Inequalities, service abuse

26
Q

What are some downsides to explicit rationing in resource allocation

A

Creates patient professional hosilitiy

Impacts on clincal freedom

27
Q

What takes precedence a local policy or NICE guidelines

A

NICE

28
Q

In healthcare economics what is;
Scarcity
Equity
Utility

A

Scarcity- needs outstripping resources
Equity- fair distribution
Utility- value an individual places on a health state

29
Q

What is oppurtunity cost in healthcare economics?

A

Cost of something when compared to where the money could have gone

30
Q

What is technical efficiency?

A

The most effective way to meet a need

31
Q

What is allocative efficiency?

A

Choosing between the many needs to be met

32
Q

In healthcare economics how can benefit be measured?

A

Impact on health status
Saving in other healthcare resources
Improved productivity of patient/ family returning to work

33
Q

How can cost be compared to benefit?

A

Cost minimisation analysis
Cost effectiveness analysis
Cost benefit analysis
Cost utility analysis

34
Q

What is cost minimisation analysis?

A

Purely looking at cost and not outcome. Eg which hip prosthesis is cheaper

35
Q

What’s cost effectiveness analysis?

A

Cost per unit outcome

Eg cost per reduction in bp by 5 mm/Hg

36
Q

What is cost benefit analysis

A

Putting monetary values on non monetary benefits eg lives saved

37
Q

What is cost utility analysis

A

Comparing cost to the quality of health outcomes, namely QALY

38
Q

What is QALY

A

A year of perfect health is 1 QALY

Measured by Hr QOL instrument like Eq5d

39
Q

What cost do NICE normally approve treatment?

When is its approvement contentious?

A

20k or below per QALY

20-30K per QALY it gets contested

40
Q

Why are systematic reviews beneficial in evidence based practice?

A

Lit reviews may be bias, helps address clinical uncertainty, saves time

41
Q

What are some critiques of evidence based practice?

A

RCT not always feasible
Outcomes often biomedical
Doesn’t allign with modes of reasoning
Unreflective rule follower culture

42
Q

What is substance misuse?

A

Harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances including alcohol and illicit drugs

43
Q

What are some examples of stimulants

A

Tobacco, cocaine, amphetamine

44
Q

What are some examples of hallucinogenic substances

A

LSD

Ecstasy (also stim)

45
Q

What are some depressant substances

A

Alcohol
Cannabis
Heroin

46
Q

What’s involved in the medical model of threatening substance misuse?

A

Detox regimes

Substitute prescription

47
Q

What’s involved in the disease model of substance misuse?

A

Step facilitation eg AA

48
Q

What’s involved in the behavioural model of substance misuse

A

CBT

Motivational model

49
Q

If a patient doesnt want to change in regards to substance misuse, what is done instead?

A

Harm reduction

Eg vit B for alcoholics, needle exchanges, sexual health screens

50
Q

What are some substances prescribed to help detox from substance misuse

A

Acamprosate- anti craving

Disulfiram- alcohol deterant

51
Q

If a patient does want to stop substance misuse, what can be prescribed to help?

A

Benzodiazepines for alcohol

Methadone for opiates

ESA 2 (10 decks)

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