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psychology 201 > sociology 201 chapters 1,2,4 > Flashcards

sociology 201 chapters 1,2,4 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is sociological imagination

A
  • to understand ones own self one must understand the relationship between self and society
  • 1959 by C. Wright Mills
  • enables us to grasp relationships within society
  • it is to understand the distinction between social troubles and personal issues
    ex: 1 person losing their job is a personal issue but 1 million out of 10 million losing their job is a social issue
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2
Q

who is durkheim?

A
  • he studied suicide
  • he looks at the social causes of suicide
  • suicide is a random behaviour
  • using european data and hospital records he found that there was no relationship between mental disorders and suicide
  • second sociologist
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3
Q

what groups engaged more in suicidal behaviour?

A

single people

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4
Q

what is altruistic suicide?

A
  • integration is too high
  • committing altruistic suicide is to benefit others
    ex: an old man is sick in the hospital and he’s a burden on his family, so he asks the doctor to pull the plug
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5
Q

egotistic suicide

A
  • integration is too low
  • this is when a person commits because he feels detached from everyone
    ex: a loner with no friends
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6
Q

fatalistic suicide

A

too high regulation

  • being controlled over everything that you can’t do what you want
    ex: a lady who was so controlled she wanted to die
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7
Q

anomic suicide

A
  • too low in regulation
  • feeling morally lost where you have no sense in direction
    ex: rather die than feel lost
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8
Q

what are durkheims conclusions

A
  • the causes of suicide are partly social

- the study of social forces need not preclude biological or psychological forces

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9
Q

what were the 4 types of suicide a result of?

A

the four types of suicide were the result of unexpected patterns of data on suicide in europe

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10
Q

who was the first sociologist

A

auguste comte was considère the first sociologist

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11
Q

what is sociology?

A
  • systematic study of human behaviour
  • it is the study of powerful social forces
  • emerged at the time of the industrial revolution
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12
Q

what are sociological promises?

A
  • sociological promises help us think critically
  • it promises to explain why we act the way we do
  • reveals the possibilities of human action
  • shows us the correct route to induce positive social change
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13
Q

what is critical thinking?

A
  • this is an essential aspect of sociological thinking
  • critical thinking means to use careful observation in order to form conclusions about our social world rather than basing our information on authority, or illogical reasoning
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14
Q

theoretical approaches

A

microlevel sociology examines individual behaviour

macros level sociology examines social systems and populations on a large scale (big group)

global level investigations of international phenomenon (multinational corporations)

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15
Q

marx and weber

A

conflict theorists

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16
Q

what is functionalism

A
  • examines the factors that hold society together
  • examines “norms” which are the social rules people are expected to follow
  • lack of social bonding results in anomie which is a feeling that you have no purpose
  • anomie may lead to social problems including suicide
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17
Q

marx

A
  • believed that in any society we can describe 2 groups of people , the rich and the poor
  • poor= proletariat
  • rich= bourgeoisie
  • these 2 groups compete for control
  • marx compared the process of products produced by human labour and stealing because the worker is never paid in full
    ex: pimp and prostitue
    prostitute does the work pimp gets the money
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18
Q

what are conflict theories?

A

conflict theories examine the forces that pull society apart

  • in some societies, people will feel alienated
  • when competition is extreme, people feel alienated
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19
Q

what does alienation mean

A

it refers to the separation of things

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20
Q

weber

A
  • weber was another conflict theorist
  • unlike marx weber came from a wealthy family
  • he believed that marx focused too much on capitalism
  • he examined political and religious influences upon human behaviour
  • weber also looked at forces pulling apart society but he believed that capitalism was one of the several factors that influenced social behaviour
  • best known for “verstehende sociology” which is the meaning behind human action
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21
Q

capitalism

A

economic system where the means of production are privately owned

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22
Q

symbolic interactionism

A
  • examines human behaviour from the micro sociological level
  • maintains 3 principles:
    humans act toward things on the basis of the meaning they have for us
  • this meaning is developed in interaction with others
  • these meaning are modified in an interpretive process
  • symbolic interactionism is believed that people behave based on what they believe rather than on what is true
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23
Q

feminist theories

A
  • feminism is a perspective that views society as traditional unequal between men and women
  • strives for equality between the two sexes
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24
Q

the post modern

A
  • focuses on consumerism

- existing theories have been unsuccessful in explaining life in contemporary societies

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25
Q

what are the 4 major theoretical traditions in sociology

A
  1. functionalism
  2. conflict theory
  3. symbolic interactionism
  4. feminism

post modern is a analysis of many of the ideas inherent within these traditions

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26
Q

how do we know our world?

A

we know our world by 5 means:

  • personal experience
  • tradition
  • expertise (authority)
  • religion
  • science
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27
Q

what is a theory?

A
  • a theory is a set of claims about what exists in our social world and the interconnections amongst situations
28
Q

what is an ideology

A
  • an ideology is a set of beliefs and the interconnections that one holds despite evidence to the contrary
29
Q

inductive research

A

observations -> generalizations-> theory

this is when we gather observations and start to se patterns to establish a theory

ex: i specialize in people logic and social niceties, so i decided to look at study its and see how they open doors for one another and as i watch, i notice that males hold the door for everyone but females do not. after looking at 100 students, i came up with the throes that males are more concerned with social niceties than girls.
- – this is indicative research because i observed something then concluded a theory

30
Q

deductive research

A

theories-> hypothesis-> observations

deductive research is when you have a theory then generate a hypothesis and see if your theory is right through observations

ex: johnny isa bachelor. all bachelors are single. therefore johnny is single

31
Q

qualitative data

A
  • information about qualities
  • information that can not be measured
    ex: softness of skin, colour of eyes or colour of sky
32
Q

quantitative data

A
  • information on quantities
  • this information can be measured and written down with number s
    ex: shoe size, height or weight
33
Q

what are the requisites of causality?

A 
causality is the relationship between cause and effect 
there are 4 requisites 
1. correlational 
2. temporal sequence
3. non-spurious relationships 
4. use of theory
34
Q

correlation

A
  • refers to the fact that 2 things are connected
  • in order to meet the demands of causality 2 variables need to be connected
    ex: height and weight, taller people tend to be heavier
35
Q

temporal sequence

A
  • proper order of things
  • if something causes something it has to come before hand
  • in order to say something causes another it must come before the effect
    ex: eating carrots make you live longer. you can’t live longer than eat the carrots
36
Q

non spurious relationships

A
  • most difficult to identify
  • relationships just be non-spurious in order to meet the demands of causality
  • you don’t want a third variable responsible
    ex: one could say fires and fire trucks go together which means one must cause the other but clearly another variable is causing the fires
    this makes it a spurious relationship since there is another variable
37
Q

use of theory

A
  • it is important to conduct research using sociological theory
  • theory is the highest point of knowledge that should be tested
  • theories open up questions that need to be answered
38
Q

how do we learn about our world

A

we learn about our social world by

  1. classic experiment
  2. survey research
  3. field research
39
Q

independent and dependant variable

A
  • independent is the cause

- dependant is the effect

40
Q

the classic experiment

A
  • considered the hallmark of scientific research because it isolates the experimental effect
  • the development of the classical experiment involves important steps
  • it involves 2 groups, the test group and the control group
41
Q

survey research

A
  • commonly used in sociology because very few people can be asked questions about their experience thoughts and beliefs
  • effective in terms of reliability and validity
42
Q

field research

A
  • this includes the researcher going into the girls and recording the behaviour of others
  • allows us to examine behaviour in a natural setting
43
Q

what is socialization

A
  • “the process of making it social.”

- the act of adapting behaviour to the norms of a culture or society is called socialization

44
Q

agents of socialization

A

family (most important)
— they teach us right from wrong and how to behave
school
—when you are not at home and are at school, the rules and expectations are different
peer groups
—we get sucked into peer pressure when we grow up
mass media
—mass media is more complex than the rest because its grown so much in the last decades

45
Q

theories of socialization

A
  • biology (wilson)
    -psychology (freud, piaget, kohlberg and gilligan)
    sociology (cooley, mead and goffman)
46
Q

wilson

A
  • developed social biology
  • came out with a book called social biology where he looks at how our genes impact our behaviour
  • he didn’t specify the genes but he believed that they were responsible for war, peace, envy and competition
  • but he could never identify what genes caused what behaviour
  • in 1988 a book by wilson came out called homicide and again, it specified in biology affected social behaviour but they said they had prof this time
  • he believed sexual jealousy was because of genes
  • they did a study on asking wives and husbands what they would do if their spouse cheated
47
Q

the harlows

A
  • the harlows went and examined social isolation and looked at rhesus monkeys
  • they left them isolated when they were younger and found that isolated monkeys did not act well to meeting new people later on in life
  • they showed anxiety and fear
  • not being socialized at a young age impacted the rest of their lives
48
Q

anna and genie

A
  • both kids who were isolated but different situations
  • they were not the same when they grew up
  • they were scared, anxious and did not trust anyone
  • levels of intelligence was at a babies level
  • slow talkers and readers
49
Q

freud

A
  • interested in social psychology
  • studied personality which is all different traits we possess
  • he believed that our personalities were largely submerged in the unconscious (under water)
  • we can only see the tip of the iceberg
  • he believed that no matter how much we know the person, there is still this unconscious mind where even the person themselves don’t know whats going on
  • argues that the mind was in constant conflict
50
Q

what are the 3 components of the mind

A
  1. Id
  2. ego
  3. superego
51
Q

Id

A
  • id is the pleasure principle
  • it demands immediate gratification
  • when you want something that your id talking
    “i want ice cream right now”
    (the red devil on left shoulder)
52
Q

superego

A
  • it is your conscience
  • when someone pisses you off and you just want revenge your id is saying you want to hit them but your superego stops you from hitting them
    (the white angel on right shoulder)
53
Q

ego

A
  • your ego is the part of ourselves that is called the reality principle
  • it is a balance between the id and superego
    ex: I WANT A CANDY BAR RIGHT NOW NO MATTER WHAT (id)
    not no matter what we can’t steal it (superego)
    ugh i guess ill save up money for a candy bar and then get it (ego)
54
Q

the iceberg analogy

A
  • the iceberg analogy was drawn about the conflicted mind compared to an ice berg
  • ice berg analogy shows 10% water and 90% underwater
    the ego and superego are above water but the id is completely underwater meaning that the id happens in the unconscious part of your mind
55
Q

why is freud important?

A
  • he is important because he drew attention to sexuality and the developmental process in people
  • revealed that there is more going on in our minds that we realize
  • would ask people to keep a journal of their dreams and bring it to therapy and look for sexual symbolism in i t
  • he would look into your dreams and tell you what it means
  • this is called dream interpretation
  • he would use dream interpretation, slips of the tongue and introspection
56
Q

what are the stages of development

A
  • oral, anal, phallic, latent and genital

- failure to go through each stage will result in a personality disorder

57
Q

failure to go through oral stage

A
  • not letting go of soother

- you would grow up to be a smoker or drinker

58
Q

failure to go through anal stage

A
  • anal stage is bladder control

- would grow up to be bossy, stubborn or overly generous

59
Q

failure to go through phallic stage

A
  • you would grow up to question your homosexuality
60
Q

jean piaget

A
  • believed that children go through stages
  • He agued that were all born with the ability to correlate things and connect the dots
  1. Sensorimotor: when the child is able to hear different things
  2. Preoperational (opposite of math operations math sub div multiply)
    - When kids understand symbolic play
    - Understand the toy symbolizes girl boy grandpa
    - First time a kid can look at a dollhouse and they know what it represents
  3. Concrete operational
    - They dont have to count on their fingers to understand math
    If you say 7*3 they can do that without looking at fingers
  4. Formal operational stage
    - The idea that you can think abstractly and can use deductive reasoning
    - You try to solve it in a systematic way
    - You can do more high level reasoning and problems
    ex: He would say, the if then statement
    “If a feather could break glass then you hit a glass with a feather what would happen”
    “If you had a third eye then where would it be?”
61
Q

kohlberg

A
  • Kolhberg’s theory of moral development states that we progress through three levels of moral thinking that build on our cognitive development.
  • expanded on the earlier work of cognitive theorist Jean Piaget to explain the moral development of children, which he believed follows a series of stages.
  • 3 stages
  1. preconventional (punishment and obedience)
    - Children accept and believe the rules of authority figures, such as parents and teachers, and they judge an action based on its consequences.
  2. conventional (peer influence)
    - Children continue to accept the rules of authority figures, but this is now because they believe that this is necessary to ensure positive relationships and societal order.
  3. post conventional (human rights)
    - People now believe that some laws are unjust and should be changed or eliminated.
62
Q

gilligan

A

critical of Kohlberg

  • she believed that moral development was gendered
  • she believed males are more concerned with law and order
  • but females are more concerned with the social consequences of social relationships
63
Q

cooley

A
  • the looking glass self
64
Q

mead

A
  • he believed there are 3 aspects of the social self
    1. “me” :
    2. “I”
    3.
65
Q

goffman

A
  • the dramaturgical approach
  • believed that we are all actors in a play
  • our true selves are backstage and our performances are up front

psychology 201 (3 decks)

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