chapter 9: intelligence Flashcards
francis galton
- one of the first experimental psychologists and the founder of what is now called differential psychology
- differential psychology is the psychological differences between people and common traits
- he believed that intelligence was biologically inherited
charles spearman
- english psychologist that is known for his work in statistics
- believed that people who are intelligent in our area are intelligent in others
- thought intelligence is composed of general abilities “general intelligence”
louis thurstone
- believed the exact opposite of thurstone
- believed that people have specific traits that they are intelligent in
ex: if you’re good at building doesn’t mean you’re good at math
raymond b. cattell
- believed that intelligence was made up of 2 types
1. fluid intelligence: (street smarts)
you’re able to learn new things and adapt to solving new problems
ex: building a puzzle for the first time
2. crystallized: (book smart)
you retain the information you already know
ex: trivia test
what did raymond b. cattell think about general intelligence?
he believed that general intelligence is a variety of 100 abilities working together to bring out different intelligences
robert sternberg
- believed that intelligent behaviour came from creative, analytical and practical abilities
practical intelligence
ability that individuals use to find the best fit for the situation
- common sense
analytical intelligence
being able to analyze new situations and problems and making decisions
creative intelligence
being creative
going above and beyond
howard gardner
believed in 8 different types of intelligences
- spatial- picture smart
- naturalist- nature smart
- logical- number smart
- linguistic- word smart
- interpersonal- people smart
- interpersonal- self smart
- bodily kinaesthetic- body smart
- musical- music smart
what is reliability ?
reliability is the consistency of a measure
the ability to have a consistent response
what is split test reliability?
- splitting a test in half and both half being the same level of difficulty
what is validity?
validity is the accuracy of a measure
it is the idea that the test will measure what it says it does
content validity
- represents the component of a topic
ex: when you’re moving out you order the stuff room by room. kitchen has kitchen stuff only
criterion validity
- predicts something (success, failure)
eX: in a job interview, you take a test on how well you’d do. you got 80%. you get the job and do an 80%job on it then it has criterion validity
construct validity
- talks about one thing only
eX: a test on sleep will only be a test on sleep not factors building up to it
Alfred Binet (& Theophile Simon)
- they assisted students with extra needs, made a test ti see what kids could do
- Alfred created the first reliable intelligence test
- Binet believed that intelligence was a learned entity
Binet- Simon Scales
- they questioned the ability of children and believed that 8 year olds can do more than 6 year olds and 6 year olds can do more than 4 year olds
- believed that children had a different form of intelligence then adults , so they needed to be measured in a different way
- he came up with the term “intelligent quotient” IQ
what is intelligent quotient?
intelligent quotient is IQ=MA/CA*100
- if a kid has a IQ of 100, he has normative development
- if a kid has less than 85 IQ he has delayed development
Stanford-Binet
- standardized scores
- we now use stanford binet
no longer used MA/CA
Wäscher Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
- weschler changed the face of intelligent
- believed that binet focused too much on verbal skills
- he created an adult scale that measures intelligence by using hands, rather than words
cultural biases
- white men made the tests
- they did it on what they knew and who they knew
- there were issues with girls getting degrees
