sociology

Question 1

Bordieou’s 3 types of capital

Answer 1

cultural, educational, economic

Question 2

3 types of cultural deprivation

Answer 2

language eg speech codes
parents education
wc subcultures

Question 3

what is cultural deprivation

Answer 3

lack basic cultural equipment needed to do well at school

Question 4

what is material deprivation

Answer 4

poverty and lack of material necessities

Question 5

wc subculture (external class differences in achievement)

Answer 5

Sugarman- fatalism, collectivism, immediate gratification and present- time orientation

Question 6

3 examples of material deprivation

Answer 6

housing, diet and health, fear of debt

Question 6

what did Hubbs-Tait et al find in his study of language? Then, Feinstein?

Answer 6

when parents use language that challenges their children to evaluate their own understanding or abilities, cognitive performance improves

Feinstein- educated parents more likely to use language this way

Question 6

Feinstein’s findings

Answer 6

less educated parents use language that requires children to speak in simple sentences, resulting in lower performance.
Educated parents more likely to use praise

Question 7

What is the restricted code?

Answer 7

Restricted - WC. Limited vocab, short, simple sentences, predictable, Descriptive not analytic.
CONTEXT-BOUND

Question 7

Bernstein

Answer 7

2 speech codes

Question 7

Bereiter & Engelmann

Answer 7

Language in lower class homes is deficient. Communicate with gestures, disjointed phrases or single words.
Children grow up incapable of abstract thinking and unable to use language, to describe compare or explain. Cannot take advantage of school opportunities

Question 7

What is the elaborated code?

Answer 7

MC. wider vocab, longer complex sentences. communicates abstract ideas
CONTEXT-FREE

Question 8

Why are MC at advantage speaking elaborated code.

Answer 8

speech code used in schools. Feel ‘at home’ in schools and so more likely to succeed. WC- excluded and less successful

Question 9

Douglas’ study on parents education

Answer 9

WC parents placed less value on education so less ambitious for children and gave less encouragement and interest. Visited schools less often. Children have lower levels of motivation and achievement

Question 10

A03 of cultural deprivation

Answer 10

Nell Keddie- victim blaming. wc children culturally different, not deprived. schools should build its strengths

Question 10

A03 of parents education

Answer 10

Blackstone and Mortimore- attend fewer parents evening because dont have time due to work & put off by schools mc atmosphere

Question 10

2 examples of compensatory education

Answer 10

Operation Head Start in USA ( sesame street)
Sure Start in Britain

Question 10

A03 of language

Answer 10

Troyna and Williams- problem is not childs language, but schools attitude towards it. Speech hierarchy

Question 11

4 subtopics under parents education

Answer 11

parenting style (harsh/ inconsistent discipline. No independence or self control so poorer motivation and interactions with teachers)

parents educational behaviours- educated parents more aware of how to help child progress. eg reading, songs, drawing. Understand importance of educational visits eg museums

Use of income- Bernstein and young- mc mothers buy educational toys, books etc that stimulate intellectual development. better understanding of nutrition and its importance in child development

Class income and parental education- better educated parents tend to have children more successful at school

Question 12

3 links between poverty and educational underachievement

Answer 12

money problems significant factor in pupil’s non-attendance in school
exclusion and truancy more likely for poorer pupils
nearly 90% of failing schools located in deprived areas

Question 12

How can housing cause underachievement?

Answer 12

overcrowding- nowhere to do hw, disturbed sleep. development can be impaired through lack of space for safe play
Temporary accommodation- frequently moving, constant changes of school, disturbed education
damp- ill health. more absences

Question 13

how can diet and health cause underachievement?

Answer 13

Howard- poorer= lower intakes of energy and minerals. weakens immune system means not concentrating
More emotional and behavioural problems
More likely to engage in externalising behaviour (tantrums, fights)

Question 14

Costs of free schooling

Answer 14

Bull- costs of items like transport, uniform, books place heavy burden. Hand-me-downs. Isolated, bullied.
Flaherty- fear of stigmatisation may explain why 20% of those eligible for free school meals do not take it due to this.

Question 15

Fear of debt

Answer 15

uni= debt
debt averse
deter from wc applying. also less likely to recieve financial support from families
Reay- more likely to apply locally to save on travel costs. miss out on elite unis

Question 16

example of economic capital

Answer 16

selection by mortgage