External Class Differences Flashcards
Bordieou’s 3 types of capital
cultural, educational, economic
3 types of cultural deprivation
language eg speech codes
parents education
wc subcultures
what is cultural deprivation
lack basic cultural equipment needed to do well at school
what is material deprivation
poverty and lack of material necessities
wc subculture (external class differences in achievement)
Sugarman- fatalism, collectivism, immediate gratification and present- time orientation
3 examples of material deprivation
housing, diet and health, fear of debt
what did Hubbs-Tait et al find in his study of language? Then, Feinstein?
when parents use language that challenges their children to evaluate their own understanding or abilities, cognitive performance improves
Feinstein- educated parents more likely to use language this way
Feinstein’s findings
less educated parents use language that requires children to speak in simple sentences, resulting in lower performance.
Educated parents more likely to use praise
What is the restricted code?
Restricted - WC. Limited vocab, short, simple sentences, predictable, Descriptive not analytic.
CONTEXT-BOUND
Bernstein
2 speech codes
Bereiter & Engelmann
Language in lower class homes is deficient. Communicate with gestures, disjointed phrases or single words.
Children grow up incapable of abstract thinking and unable to use language, to describe compare or explain. Cannot take advantage of school opportunities
What is the elaborated code?
MC. wider vocab, longer complex sentences. communicates abstract ideas
CONTEXT-FREE
Why are MC at advantage speaking elaborated code.
speech code used in schools. Feel ‘at home’ in schools and so more likely to succeed. WC- excluded and less successful
Douglas’ study on parents education
WC parents placed less value on education so less ambitious for children and gave less encouragement and interest. Visited schools less often. Children have lower levels of motivation and achievement
A03 of cultural deprivation
Nell Keddie- victim blaming. wc children culturally different, not deprived. schools should build its strengths
A03 of parents education
Blackstone and Mortimore- attend fewer parents evening because dont have time due to work & put off by schools mc atmosphere
2 examples of compensatory education
Operation Head Start in USA ( sesame street)
Sure Start in Britain
A03 of language
Troyna and Williams- problem is not childs language, but schools attitude towards it. Speech hierarchy
4 subtopics under parents education
parenting style (harsh/ inconsistent discipline. No independence or self control so poorer motivation and interactions with teachers)
parents educational behaviours- educated parents more aware of how to help child progress. eg reading, songs, drawing. Understand importance of educational visits eg museums
Use of income- Bernstein and young- mc mothers buy educational toys, books etc that stimulate intellectual development. better understanding of nutrition and its importance in child development
Class income and parental education- better educated parents tend to have children more successful at school
3 links between poverty and educational underachievement
money problems significant factor in pupil’s non-attendance in school
exclusion and truancy more likely for poorer pupils
nearly 90% of failing schools located in deprived areas
How can housing cause underachievement?
overcrowding- nowhere to do hw, disturbed sleep. development can be impaired through lack of space for safe play
Temporary accommodation- frequently moving, constant changes of school, disturbed education
damp- ill health. more absences
how can diet and health cause underachievement?
Howard- poorer= lower intakes of energy and minerals. weakens immune system means not concentrating
More emotional and behavioural problems
More likely to engage in externalising behaviour (tantrums, fights)
Costs of free schooling
Bull- costs of items like transport, uniform, books place heavy burden. Hand-me-downs. Isolated, bullied.
Flaherty- fear of stigmatisation may explain why 20% of those eligible for free school meals do not take it due to this.
Fear of debt
uni= debt
debt averse
deter from wc applying. also less likely to recieve financial support from families
Reay- more likely to apply locally to save on travel costs. miss out on elite unis
example of economic capital
selection by mortgage
