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Philosphy 1020 Final Exam review > Sociology 1025A: Final Review Weeks 7-9 > Flashcards

Sociology 1025A: Final Review Weeks 7-9 Flashcards

1
Q

Social Control

A

Actions taken in regards to preventing, cure, protecting and prevent behaviours perceived by others as “unacceptable”

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2
Q

Deviant

A

A person, who’s characteristics and behaviours are not acceptable

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3
Q

Examples of FORMAL social control :

A

Implemented by an “official mechanism” carried by an institutional authority.
- I.e: workplace dress code: covering up tattoos and or piercings.
- i.e.: police arresting someone because of a crime.

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4
Q

Examples of INFORMAL social control:

A

Implemented by interacting with other people: bullying for sexual identity being made fun of or staring at someone for their appearance.

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5
Q

What else are social control used for?

A

It can be used for detection after deviant behaviour to either CURE OR PUNISH.
i.e. receiving a ticket for using your phone while drawing.
i.e. being teased for your weight.

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6
Q

What sort of social control helps with the prevention before they happen?

A
  • Educational Programs: preventing drug abuse: programs that teach children the impacts of smoking
  • Community-based programs: providing leisure activities for the inner city - youth to prevent criminal activity.

-> On some occasions, we apply social control to ourselves: like studying harder to pass a course or going on a diet to lose weight.

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7
Q

Deviant behaviour?

A

Those are the ones that Violate the norms.

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8
Q

How are Norms made?

A
  • Social norms are those that are deemed “acceptable” as a standard agreed upon by many groups, such as laws that apply when you kill someone etc.
    Norms are constructed by society and are always in motion for change.
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9
Q

Which group’s specific expectations for behaviour are the ones being used as the standards for judgment in society more generally?

A
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10
Q

Deviance as a concept: is it subjective or objective.

A
  • Due to some deviant behaviour not fitting some categories of the objective definition many scholars address it subjectively. Meaning it can change depending on the issue and so on.
  • The subjective view of Deviance considers the social construction of what is seen as deviant and not, in other words, how it is influenced by the structure of power in society.
  • From this view then: deviance is those behaviours that are deemed unacceptable concerning the moral codes of those in power within the society.
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11
Q

Which definition of deviance draws attention to the social processes that teach us how to label acts as good/bad, right/wrong, and normal/abnormal?

A

Subjective Definition.

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12
Q

Criminal Behaviour Definition.

A

The behaviours that are deemed by MOST of the people that are unacceptable, ie: murder.

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13
Q

Who are Criminologists?

A

Researchers who specialize in criminal behaviour analysis.

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14
Q

What are 5 types of social control?

A
  • formal: government
  • informal: every day
  • education
  • religion
  • mass media
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15
Q

What are the various “objective” criteria that some scholars use to define deviance?

A
  • Objective criteria are those that are a specific quality that inherently makes certain acts deviant and in need of social control such as:

-> uncommon behaviour
-> causing harm
-> commonly disapproved behaviours by the community or the people
->those that violates the norms (of the time)

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16
Q

Difference between the subjective and objective deviance?

A
  • Objective: those traits that are easily observed and are seen as deviant within themselves (inherently bad or good)
  • Subjective: is seen as a small portion of a bigger picture and social institution. Focuses on how we came to belive some things are good and some are bad.
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17
Q

What is crime?

A

Crime is any behaviour that goes against the criminal law.

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18
Q

what is The consensual view of law?

A

The type of law which everyone equally agrees to be applied to those who go against the law, which is applied equally regardless of the subjectivity of the crime.

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19
Q

What are some types of crimes and laws?

A

There are 2 types of laws in Canada: Public and Private.

  • Public law is the Kind of law that is between people and society ie,

-> constitutional law
->criminal law
-> taxation law

while Private law is the one that is between 2 individual parties such as :

->marriage
->property
->will

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20
Q

What does “summary conviction offences” mean?

A
  • Less serious crimes such as causing a disturbance, falsifying an employment record, and taking a motor vehicle without consent.
  • The maximum punishment for summary offences is a fine of $5,000, or imprisonment for 2 years less a day, or both.
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21
Q

What does “indictable conviction offences” mean?

A
  • Serious crimes such as trafficking in persons, terrorist activity, and murder.
  • They correspond to more severe penalties, such as a lengthy prison term
22
Q

Which crimes are an exception in terms of their penalties and sentences and what is the term used for it?

A
  • Hybrid offence: is when a crime could be prosecuted as either a summary or indicative offence.
  • some examples could be assault or sexual assault, these can be taken by any of the offences depending on whether there is a a weapon, a threat to the third party, or the severity of the harm the victim experienced.
23
Q

Violent crime examples?

A
  • These are the type of offences against a person, such as assault, sexual assault, manslaughter and homicide.
24
Q

property virme examples?

A
  • These are the crimes that are committed against the economy to get financial gain such as identity theft, credit card theft, break or enter.
25
Q

What is CSI?

A

Crime severity index

26
Q

What does “Victimless crime” mean?

A
  • These are the types of crimes involving consensual relations in the exchange of illegal goods or services; they include drug use, prostitution, and online gambling.
  • Is sometimes known as “crimes involving morality or crimes against public order”.
27
Q

What does “white-collar crime” mean?

A
  • The misappropriation of financial resources, or identity theft
28
Q

What does “corporate crime” mean?

A
  • Crimes committed by the organizations and or the employees of an organization.
  • Such as false advertising or failing to comply with safety standards
29
Q

What is a cyber crime?

A
  • it is the type of crime that is committed via technology.

-Types of cybercrime include”
-> Hacking: infiltrating a host server
-> Phishing: misleading transmissions designed to obtain passwords or other sensitive forms of personal data
->ripping: software used to circumvent copyrights
->luring : using electronic means to contact children
->Stalking : frequent unwanted contact

30
Q

What does an organized crime mean?

A

two or more people participating in illegal activities for gain

31
Q

What are the three main types of crime by offence seriousness?

A
  • Summary conviction offence :less serious
  • Indictable conviction offence : more serious
  • Hybrid offence (dual procedure offences): severity is dependent on the crime and the third parties involvements
32
Q

In what ways do violent and property crimes differ?

A

-> Violent crimes are those that are against (harm) the individuals such as assault, SA, manslaughter or homicide.
-> Property crimes are those that are aimed at financial gain and are economical, such as theft and other forms of break or enters.

33
Q

What is the criminal justice system?

A

Comprises the police, courts, and prisons, which are responsible for apprehending, prosecuting, and punishing those deemed offenders.

34
Q

What is the 3 forms of law enforcements?

A
  • National : RCMP, Royal Canadian Mounted Police
    -Provincial : OPP, Ontario Provincial Police
    -Municipal : TPS, Toronto Police Service
35
Q

Most convicted offenders are the responsibility of provincial correctional services. Only those who are sentenced to two or more years in prison become a federal responsibility under the Correctional Service of Canada.

A

Most convicted offenders are the responsibility of provincial correctional services. Only those who are sentenced to two or more years in prison become a federal responsibility under the Correctional Service of Canada.

36
Q

What does retribution mean?

A

Morally justified consequence.

37
Q

What is the prupose of a punishment after a crime according to criminal law?

A

The main purpose of punishment is to deter people from committing crimes.

38
Q

What is the Deterrence theory?

A

Deterrence theory rests on the assumption that punishment can be used to prevent crime. (incarceration)

39
Q

What does Beccaria say about the deterrence theory?

A

Suggests that it should be prompt, severe, and certain.

  • Promptness. The punishment should occur very close in time to when the actual event happened to establish an association between the act and its consequence.
  • Severity. The punishment must be severe enough to outweigh the benefits but not so severe that it constitutes torture.
  • Certainty. There must a high probability that an offender will be caught and that the punishment will be carried out.
40
Q

What is abolitionism?

A

a movement calling for a complete overhaul or dismantling of the criminal justice system.

41
Q

What is peace keeping criminology?

A

is a non-violent movement and approach to crime that centres on transforming individuals and society in order to reduce the suffering and social injustices that result from structural inequalities based on class, race, and gender

42
Q

What is restorative justice?

A

an approach based on informal processes that emphasize healing and the reparation of harm that offenders have caused victims and community members rather than focusing on punishing the offender

43
Q

What is Functionalist theories take on Deviance?

A

-Social structure causes deviance.
- emerges from the anomie - durkheim
- only the high levels of deviant behaviour are bad for society and not the less severe ones, they make society remain in order.

44
Q

What is the classic strain theory?

A
  • brought up by Robert Merton
  • People who occupy certain locations face more constraints than those located in other parts
45
Q

What is the Institutionalized goals?

A
  • The goals that we are supposed to aspire to in contemporary society.
  • society today include wealth, power, and prestige
46
Q

What does legitimate means mean?

A
  • socially accepted ways to obtain wealth, power and prestige.
  • for attaining those goals include getting a good education, working hard, and investing money wisely.
47
Q

What is ritualism, retreatism and rebellion?

A
  • ritualism is giving up on the institutionalized goals but continuing to engage in the means, such as by reliably working at their low-paid jobs until retirement even though they will never earn enough money to obtain a mortgage for a home.

while:

-retreatism is the discrepancy between means and goals by rejecting the institutionalized goals and the legitimate means, perhaps escaping into substance abuse or not even bothering to look for work anymore.

and:

  • rebellion is rejecting the current goals and means but living according to an alternative set of goals and means.
48
Q

What might a structural functionalist say about deviance’s effect on society?

A

Only excess levels of deviance are harmful to society.

49
Q

What does primary deviance mean?

A

Little deviant action we all occasionally be a part of.

50
Q

What does secondary deviance mean?

A

Chronic deviance as a lifestyle.

51
Q

What is stigmatization?

A

the exclusion of individuals for particular characteristics.

52
Q

What is self- surveillance?

A

Monitoring our behaviour to prevent being considered deviant.

Philosphy 1020 Final Exam review (6 decks)

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