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SOCIOL 1 > SOCIOL Final Flashcards Chapter 23 > Flashcards

SOCIOL Final Flashcards Chapter 23

1
Q

The population bomb

A

Paul Erlich believed that the world’s population was growing much too quickly and that this ticking time bomb would soon have catastrophic effects.

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2
Q

Demography

A

The study of population

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3
Q

Census

A

A count of everyone living in a particular location

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4
Q

Enumerate

A

Systematically count

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5
Q

Domesday Book

A

Identified all the landowners and land holdings in an effort to improve tax collection

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6
Q

Social demography

A

Uses population to study societal trends

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7
Q

Population-based trends that social demographers study

A

-Racial and ethnic composition
-Marriage and family
-Employment issues
-Life expectancy

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8
Q

Stylized facts

A

Empirical information we can surmise or determine with a great deal of certainty

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9
Q

Population dynamics

A

Concerns how the size of any place or group has changed, either in the past or how it changing in the present or the future

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10
Q

Demography’s big three

A

1) Fertility
2) Morality
3) Migration

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11
Q

Fertility

A

the birth rate, typically measured by the number of live births per female of childbearing years

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12
Q

Morality

A

typically measured by the number of deaths in a particular calendar year

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13
Q

Migration

A

how many people move into and out of a given region or country

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14
Q

Reasons to study population

A

1) Taxes and military efforts
2) Infrastructure
3)Political boundaries (seats in congress)
4) Economy and investments

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15
Q

The first demographic transition

A

The transition by a region or country from a period of high fertility and high mortality to a period of low fertility and low mortality

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16
Q

Three historical demographic periods

A

Pre-transition, mid-transition, and posttransition

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17
Q

What does the first demographic transition involve ?

A

1) An initial pretransition period characterized by high fertility and high morality
2) A transitional period in which mortality first declines followed by a decline in fertility
3) A posttransition period in which both fertility and mortality are low

18
Q

The total fertility rate

A

Our measure of fertility

19
Q

Age Pyramids

A

A diagram that plots the age distribution of a population, with the numbers at the youngest ages at the bottom of the graph and the numbers at the oldest ages at the top, and with males and females on the left- and right-hand sides, respectively.

20
Q

Replacement fertility

A

A level of fertility in which individuals in a population, on average, have a sufficient number of offspring that will imply, over the long run, no change in the size of the population.

21
Q

Population momentum

A

The tendency of a population that has been changing in size to continue to change in size even if factors such as fertility and mortality have shifted to levels that would, in the long run, imply no change in population size.

22
Q

What are the two changes that affected fertility according to the birth control hypothesis ?

A

1) the growing acceptance of the view that people can (and should) exercise control over their fertility
2) technological advances in the means by which women and couples can control their fertility.

23
Q

Agrarian societies

A

the overwhelming majority lived in rural areas and worked as farmers, sharecroppers, peasants, or other agricultural workers

24
Q

What is the costs/benefits hypothesis of fertility decline ?

A

fertility decline results from the costs and benefits of having and raising children.

25
Q

Second demographic transition

A

Fertility change is a consequence of changes in norms and values; the evolution of ideas surrounding things like cohabitation, childbearing, and relationships.

26
Q

Epidemiological Transition

A

The transition of a population from health conditions primarily involving infectious disease to health conditions primarily involving chronic disease.

27
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of health-related events in populations, their characteristics, their causes, and their consequences.

28
Q

Infectious diseases

A

Develop from bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other contagious agents.

29
Q

Chronic disease

A

Persistant health conditions that a person can live with for many years. Examples include serious heart and respiratory problems, diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, cancer, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and HIV/AIDS

30
Q

Healthy life expectancy

A

The average number of healthy years one can expect to live if current patterns of death and illness remain the same; the amount of good years we have left

31
Q

How do we track healthy life expectancy ?

A

1) Expected years of life in good health
2) Expected years of life free from limitation of activity
3) Expected years of life free from selected chronic diseases

32
Q

The baby boom

A

The period following World War II from 1946 to 1964, during which the United States experienced a notable, extended, but ultimately temporary spike in fertility.

33
Q

The graying of societies

A

A higher percentage of the total population is older, and more likely to have gray hair, than in earlier decades

34
Q

Population aging

A

refers to the relative numbers of young and old people in a population

35
Q

Social security

A

Program has provided pensions for retired workers

36
Q

Medicare

A

The United States has provided health care for citizens 65 and older

37
Q

What are three factors surrounding healthcare that creates budgetary stress for the government ?

A

1) the rising cost of health care
2) the aging of American society
3) the decline in the number of younger people to help share the cost

38
Q

Advance directive

A

A relatively small but growing number of Americans have defined the conditions under which they prefer to die in this legal document.

39
Q

Palliative care

A

An approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problem associated with life threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering.

40
Q

Hospice care

A

Focuses on eliminating suffering—physical and mental—for terminally ill patients; a form of palliative care.

41
Q

What is the formula for population change?

A

(Births-deaths)+ (immigration-emigration)
(Fertility-morality)+(migration)

SOCIOL 1 (6 decks)

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