Socioemotional Development - Temperament and Personality

Question 1

According to Thomas and Chess, children with this temperament tend to have a positive mood, adapt easily to new people and situations, can tolerate frustration, and have regular feeding and sleeping routines

Answer 1

Easy children

Question 2

According to Thomas and Chess, children with this temperament have a mildly negative mood, take time to adapt to new people and situations, have low levels of activity, and have moderately regular feeding and sleeping routines.

Answer 2

Slow-to-warmup

Question 3

According to Thomas and Chess, children with this temperament have a negative mood, cry frequently, respond negatively to new people and situations, are very active, and have irregular feeding and sleeping routines.

Answer 3

Difficult

Question 4

Thomas and Chess said that, according to this model, a child’s behavioral and emotional outcomes are affected by the match between the child’s temperament and the demands of his/her social environment.

Answer 4

goodness-of-fit model

Question 5

From birth to 1 year, this is the _____ Freudian psychosexual stage, as well as the _____ Eriksonian psychosocial stage.

Answer 5

Oral; trust vs. mistrust

Question 6

From 1 to 3 years, this is the _____ Freudian psychosexual stage, as well as the _____ Eriksonian psychosocial stage.

Answer 6

Anal; anotomy vs. shame/doubt

Question 7

From 3 to 6 years, this is the _____ Freudian psychosexual stage, as well as the _____ Eriksonian psychosocial stage.

Answer 7

Phallic; initiative vs. guilt

Question 8

From 6 to 12 years, this is the _____ Freudian psychosexual stage, as well as the _____ Eriksonian psychosocial stage.

Answer 8

Latency; industry vs. inferiority

Question 9

In adolescence, this is the _____ Freudian psychosexual stage, as well as the _____ Eriksonian psychosocial stage.

Answer 9

Genital; identity vs. role confusion

Question 10

In young adulthood, this is the _____ Eriksonian psychosocial stage.

Answer 10

Intimacy vs. isolation

Question 11

In middle adulthood, this is the _____ Eriksonian psychosocial stage.

Answer 11

Generativity vs. stagnation

Question 12

In late adulthood, this is the _____ Eriksonian psychosocial stage.

Answer 12

Integrity vs. despair

Question 13

During the Eriksonian stage of trust vs mistrust (0-1 years), this is the successful outcome (virtue) hoped for.

Answer 13

Hope - is the world safe enough?

Question 14

During the Eriksonian stage of autonomy vs. shame and doubt (1-3 years), this is the successful outcome (virtue) hoped for.

Answer 14

Will

Question 15

During the Eriksonian stage of initiative vs. guilt (3-6 years) this is the successful outcome (virtue) hoped for.

Answer 15

Purpose

Question 16

During the Eriksonian stage of industry vs. inferiority (6-12 years) this is the successful outcome (virtue) hoped for.

Answer 16

Competence

Question 17

During the Eriksonian stage of identity vs. role confusion (adolescence) this is the successful outcome (virtue) hoped for.

Answer 17

Fidelity

Question 18

During the Eriksonian stage of intimacy vs. isolation (young adulthood) this is the successful outcome (virtue) hoped for.

Answer 18

Love

Question 19

During the Eriksonian stage of generativity vs. stagnation (middle adulthood) this is the successful outcome (virtue) hoped for.

Answer 19

Care

Question 20

During the Eriksonian stage of integrity vs. despair (late adulthood) this is the successful outcome (virtue) hoped for.

Answer 20

Wisdom

Question 21

According to Baumrind, Maccoby, and Martin, these parents are high in both demandingness and responsiveness. They establish clear rules for their children, expect them to comply with the rules, but respect their children’s opinions and seek their input when making rules. Their children have the best outcomes: They’re self-confident, independent, and cooperative, and have good social skills and high levels of academic achievement.

Answer 21

Authoritative

Question 22

According to Baumrind, Maccoby, and Martin, these parents are high in demandingness and low in responsiveness. They have many rules for their children, emphasize parental control and respect for authority, and often resort to harsh forms of punishment when their children disobey. These parents provide their children with little nurturance and affection and discourage their autonomy. Their children tend to be insecure, moody, and dependent, are easily annoyed, and have poorer social skills and lower levels of academic achievement than children of authoritative parents do. This parenting style has also been linked to an increased likelihood that a child will bully others or be the victim of a bully.

Answer 22

Authoritarian

Question 23

According to Baumrind, Maccoby, and Martin, these parents are low in demandingness and high in responsiveness. These parents rarely attempt to control their children, they encourage them to express their feelings, and they’re extremely accepting and supportive of their children’s behaviors, even aggression and other undesirable behaviors. Children of these parents tend to be self-centered, immature, and rebellious; they have poor impulse control and social skills and low levels of academic achievement; and they are at increased risk for being the victim of a bully.

Answer 23

Permissive

Question 24

According to Baumrind, Maccoby, and Martin, these parents are also referred to as rejecting-neglecting parents and are low in both demandingness and responsiveness. They’re uninvolved in their children’s lives and unaware of their needs, and they rarely consider their children’s opinions when making decisions and are more concerned about their own needs than those of their children. Children of these parents tend to have the worst outcomes: They have low self-esteem and self-control, tend to be moody and irritable, are noncompliant and demanding, have poor social skills and low levels of academic achievement, and are prone to drug use and antisocial behavior.

Answer 24

Uninvolved

Question 25

According to Kohlberg’s (1966) cognitive developmental theory of gender identity, this stage emerges between 2 and 3 years of age and occurs when children identify themselves and others as either male or female.

Answer 25

Gender identity

Question 26

According to Kohlberg’s (1966) cognitive developmental theory of gender identity, this stage emerges around 4 when children realize that gender identity is consistent over time – that is, girls become women and boys become men.

Answer 26

Gender stability

Question 27

According to Kohlberg’s (1966) cognitive developmental theory of gender identity, when conservation skills emerge at about 6 or 7 years of age, this stage is the understanding that gender is stable not only over time but also across situations and doesn’t change just because of a change in appearance or behavior.

Answer 27

Gender constancy

Question 28

According to Bem’s gender schema theory, gender is more salient to _____ people who are more likely than _____ people to use gender norms to guide their behavior and judge others’.

Answer 28

Gender-schematic; gender-aschematic.

She proposed that exposure and reinforcement to gender norms determines the degree.

Question 29

According to Marcia (1966), this is when adolescents have not undergone an identity crisis and are not committed to an identity.

Answer 29

Identity diffusion

Question 30

According to Marcia (1966), this occurs when adolescents have not experienced an identity crisis but have a strong commitment to a particular identity as the result of accepting the values, goals, and preferences of their parents or other authority figure.

Answer 30

Identity foreclosure

Question 31

According to Marcia (1966), this is when occurs when adolescents have experienced or are experiencing an identity crisis but have not yet committed themselves to an identity.

Answer 31

Identity moratorium

Question 32

According to Marcia (1966), this is when occurs when adolescents have experienced an identity crisis and, as a result, have a strong commitment to a specific identity.

Answer 32

Identity achievement

Question 33

On the "Big Five" personality traits, as people age the following changes tend to occur. 
Neuroticism \_\_\_\_\_
Extraversion \_\_\_\_\_
Openness to experiences \_\_\_\_\_
Agreeableness \_\_\_\_\_
Contentiousness \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 33

• Decreases
• Remains stable or - decreases slightly
• Remains stable or - decreases slightly
• Increases
• Increases

Question 34

Rothbart views temperament as constitutional differences in _____ & _____

Answer 34

reactivity; self-regulation

the latter regulates the former

Question 35

In terms of self-understanding, people at this stage tend to start to describe themselves in terms of gender and age. This is followed by concrete observable characteristics and common behaviors and activities

Answer 35

early childhood (2-6 years)

Question 36

In terms of self-understanding, people at this stage tend to used more self-descriptions, refer to personality traits, and involve social comparisons.

Answer 36

Middle childhood (7-11 years)

Question 37

In terms of self-understanding, people at this stage tend to describe themselves in terms of abstract qualities including their beliefs and values and psychological qualities. They also recognize that their characteristics are not always consistent.

Answer 37

adolescents (12-18 years)

Question 38

This term refers to the ways people tend to respond in predictable ways to events around them. This is genetically based and environmentally influenced.

Answer 38

Temperament