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IB Psychology > Sociocultural Approach > Flashcards

Sociocultural Approach Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following is not an assumption made by social psychologists?

A

Animals may be studied in order to get a deeper insight into human behaviour.

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2
Q

Social psychologists believe that as the individual is affected by being part of a group, the individual can also affect behaviour in the group. What is the term used to describe this phenomenon?

A

Recipricol determinism

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3
Q

What was the independent variable in Asch’s 1956 study?

A

The unanimity of the response

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4
Q

The Asch paradigm is highly standardized. Why is this important?

A

To increase the reliability of the study.

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5
Q

According to Asch, why did the participants conform?

A

A combination of informational and normative social influence.

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6
Q

What was the control group in Asch’s study?

A

Participants matched the lines alone - with no confederates.

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7
Q

Which of the following is an example of method triangulation?

A

A researcher carries out a series of interviews about attitudes toward foreigners and then observes the same participants in a situation where they have to interact with a stranger.

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8
Q

What method did O’Reilly use to study British expatriates living on the Costa del Sol?

A

An overt naturalistic participant observation.

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9
Q

Which of the following is not a limitation of carrying out a naturalistic observation?

A

The participants are being deceived.

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10
Q

What did Festinger conclude from his study of the Doomsday cult?

A

Cult members rationalized their failure in order to protect their self-esteem.

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11
Q

Which of the following is not an ethical concern of the Festinger study of the Doomsday cult?

A

Researcher bias.

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12
Q

Which of the following is not an advantage of collecting qualitative data?

A

Qualitative data is easier to analyse than quantitative data.

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13
Q

What does it mean when we say that a social identity has become “salient”?

A

That we are more aware of that particular social identity.

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14
Q

Which of the following is not a component of social identity theory?

A

Social cognitive learning theory

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15
Q

What were the findings of Tajfel & Turner’s “Kandinsky vs Klee” study?

A

The simple act of categorizing oneself as a member of a group led the boys to display in-group favoritism.

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16
Q

Which of the following is a limitation of Social Identity Theory?

A

The theory is not able to predict which social identity will most influence an individual’s behaviour in a particular situation.

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17
Q

How did Abrams manipulate the IV in his study on SIT and conformity?

A

He told the participant that the participants were either psychology students or ancient history students.

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18
Q

How did Drury test the role of SIT in helping behaviour?

A

He used virtual reality to carry out an experiment.

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19
Q

Which of the following is not a factor in social cognitive learning theory?

A

The model must be a member of the learner’s in-group.

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20
Q

What is meant by vicarious reinforcement?

A

When we see someone else get positive feedback and therefore imitate the behaviour.

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21
Q

According to Bandura, which of the following is not true about Social Cognitive Learning?

A

We are more likely to imitate a model if he does something that leads to a lucky outcome - like winning a prize.

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22
Q

How many independent variables were there in Bandura’s (1961) study?

A

3

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23
Q

What is an explanation for why the children in Bandura’s 1961 study did not imitate the behaviour of the female model when she was bashing the Bobo?

A

Her behaviour was not seen as consistent with women’s behaviour.

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24
Q

The researchers that watched the children in Bandura’s study had similar scores on the aggression of the children. What does this mean about the study?

A

It has inter-rater reliabilty.

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25
Q

The children in Bandura’s study may have acted more aggressive because they thought that the researcher wanted them to. This is an example of

A

Expectancy effect

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26
Q

Studies like Huesmann and Eron’s have the problem of bidirectional ambiguity. This means that …

A

We don’t know if the television viewing led to aggression or whether aggressive children spend more time watching television.

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27
Q

Which of the following best describes the study done on the island of St Helena?

A

A natural experiment

28
Q

Which of the following is an example of a stereotype?

A

Japanese men are workaholics.

29
Q

George sees a Swedish tourist at his local restaurant. He watches as the tourist argues with the waiter about the bill. When the tourist realizes that the mistake is his, and not the waiter’s, he does not apologize, but storms out of the restaurant. George thinks that all Swedish tourists are rude. Which theory or concept below explains what just happened?

A

Illusory correlation

30
Q

What is a key limitation of Hamilton & Gifford’s (1976) study?

A

The test itself was highly artificial and may not predict what happens in the “real world.”

31
Q

What does it mean when we say that Rogers & Frantz’s study was cross-sectional?

A

The study analyzed data from the population only at one point in time.

32
Q

In a study of geography skills, John was asked to read an article about how poorly American score on world geography tests compared to Europeans. He doesn’t believe that the article is true. What can we predict will be the results of his geography test?

A

He will do poorly due to stereotype threat.

33
Q

What was the control used by Payne in his study of stereotypes and memory?

A

He gave a test of racism and eliminated any participants with high-scores

34
Q

What research method was used in Martin & Halvorson’s study of gender stereotyping and memory?

A

A quasi-experiment

35
Q

What of the following is an example of surface culture?

A

Traditional music that is used at initiation ceremonies to welcome young boys into manhood.

36
Q

Which of the following is an example of how culture is dynamic?

A

Attitudes toward the role of women in the home and the workplace have changed over time.

37
Q

The process by which someone comes into contact with another culture and begins to adopt the norms and behaviours of that culture is known as

A

Acculturation

38
Q

Which of the following in not characteristic of an etic approach to studying culture?

A

Spending a lot of time in the culture prior to carrying out research so that the researcher can get a deeper understanding of the culture.

39
Q

Which of the following would most likely be an emic study of behaviour?

A

A series of interviews to study how Koreans cope with bullying in their schools with the goal of developing strategies for Korean teachers to address bullying.

40
Q

Which of the following is a problem with carrying out emic research, but generally not a problem with etic research?

A

The research often cannot be replicated so it is not possible to determine the reliability of the findings.

41
Q

Why could we consider Cole & Scribner’s study an emic approach?

A

They adapted the list of words to reflect the culture of the participants.

42
Q

What were Cole & Scribner’s findings regarding cognition?

A

Schooling affects the ways that we remember information.

43
Q

Why is Kearins’ study of memory in Aborigines considered a quasi-experiment?

A

The participants were not randomly allocated to conditions.

44
Q

How does Hofstede’s theory of individualistic vs collectivistic cultures explain Kulkofsky’s findings with regard to flashbulb memory?

A

Individualistic cultures tend to focus more on their role in events.

45
Q

Which of the following is an example of a sojourner?

A

A manager of a company who has been sent to work in India for four years.

46
Q

What is the key difference between enculturation and acculturation?

A

Enculturation takes place in the culture you grow up in; acculturation is the result of interacting with another culture.

47
Q

Which of the following is not one of the way’s that we are enculturated?

A

Through contact with other cultures - for example, over the Internet

48
Q

What does it mean to say that Samoan society has a “very high power distance index?”

A

Samoans have a strong respect for authority and do not challenge people who are of a higher societal rank.

49
Q

What conclusion did Odden & Rochat make with regard to how children learn about fishing and the societal hierarchy in the Samoan culture?

A

Children are enculturated through both observation and participatory learning.

50
Q

The term Berry used for when it is not possible to adopt the behaviours of a new culture because of discrimination or a lack of acceptance of individuals into the new culture.

A

Marginalization

51
Q

Which of the following is not an example of acculturative stress which might happen if you were to move to a new country?

A

You have diffculties learning the language of your new culture.

52
Q

According to Miranda and Matheny (2000), which of the following is not a protective factor against acculturative stress?

A

Personal experience with travel or working in another country.

53
Q

One of the problems of studies of acculturation of immigrants is a high attrition rate. What does this mean?

A

Many participants may drop out of the study over time.

54
Q

Which of the following is an ethical consideration in the study of immigrants?

A

The data obtained by the researcher must be anonymized.

55
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the globalized culture?

A

High power distance

56
Q

What is the term used by cultural psychologists to identify the culture that we grew up in?

A

Local culture

57
Q

Which of the following is a valid conclusion of Ogihara & Uchida’s study on Japanese women in an individualistic workplace?

A

The globalization of culture in the workplace has a negative effect on their sense of well being.

58
Q

What is the term used to describe what happens when an individual is very conscious of global culture but very little connection to where they have grown up and live?

A

Delocalization

59
Q

One of the ways that an individual may cope with the globalized culture is to form a self-selected culture. Which of the following is an example of a self-selected culture?

A

Joining the military

60
Q

Which of the following is not a component of an attitude about a person?

A

The impression made when meeting someone for the first time.

61
Q

According to Ariely, what is “constructive patriotism?”

A

When a person loves their country but is also able to criticize it.

62
Q

What were the findings of Ariely’s (2011) study?

A

Nationalistic identity is related to emotion-driven reactions against another culture because of a perceived threat to one’s local culture.

63
Q

Which piece of research below appears to support the contact hypothesis?

A

Sherif’s (1954) study that showed that when boys at a summer camp had a common goal, competition and negative behaviour between the two groups decreased.

64
Q

According to the study by Chui et al (2009), what may be one effect of globalization?

A

Globalization may make our local identity stronger.

65
Q

What is the term used to describe what happens when an individual loses their connection to their local culture as a result of globalization, but at the same time feels exluded from the global culture?

A

Marginalization

66
Q

According to Berry & Sam’s adapted acculturation model, what is integration?

A

When an individual has a positive attitude toward both the global and the local culture.

IB Psychology (4 decks)

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