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IB Psychology > Cognitive Approach > Flashcards

Cognitive Approach Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following is not true about schema?

A

Schema are observable by using modern brain scanning technology

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2
Q

Which of the following was not one of the findings of Bartlett’s War with Ghosts study?

A

There were many extra details added to the story, making the story longer than the original.

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3
Q

When you travel to foreign country and you see a type of shower that you have never seen before, you tend to use your schema, which are based on past experience, to figure out how to use it. But when this fails, you go to the reception and someone comes up to show you how to use this new type of shower. Once you have seen how to use this new type of shower, you add it to your shower schema. What do psychologists call this process?

A

Assimilation

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4
Q

On a trip to a foreign country, you stand in the entrance to a restaurant waiting to be seated. No one pays any attention to you. After several minutes, you start to get a bit upset and ready to leave, when you notice one of the waiters walking past. You ask if someone is going to seat you - and he says, you can just sit anywhere. How would a cognitive psychologist explain what just happened?

A

You were following a script for what to expect in a restaurant which did not apply in this culture.

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5
Q

What was the independent variable that was systematically manipulated in Bartlett’s War with Ghosts study?

A

The method of reproduction

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6
Q

Why can we say that Bartlett’s War with Ghosts study has low reliability?

A

The procedure was not properly standardized.

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7
Q

Which of the following is not a finding of Brewer & Treyens (1981) study?

A

Participants remembered objects that they would not expect to find in an office

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8
Q

What does it mean when we say that a theory is robust?

A

It can be applied in a number of different situations.

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9
Q

Which is true about Short Term Memory?

A

It is limited in both capacity and duration.

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10
Q

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin, the first step in placing information into memory storage is

A

Sensory memory

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11
Q

Which of the following determines whether information moves from sensory memory to short-term memory?

A

Selective attention

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12
Q

Remembering the first and last items of a list better than the items in the middle of a list can be explained by

A

Rehearsal of the early words - and the fact that the last words are still in STM.

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13
Q

Which of the following is not a limitation of the MSM?

A

It is not supported by biological evidence.

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14
Q

What is the key difference between Miller’s (1956) and Cowan’s (2010) research on STM capacity?

A

Cowan did not let the participants know the length of the list before he read it to them.

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15
Q

The part of Baddeley & Hitch’s Working Memory Model that processes auditory stimuli is called

A

The phonological loop

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16
Q

What is the key difference between the Multi Store Model and the Working Memory Model?

A

The Working Memory Model argues that there is more than one STM store.

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17
Q

Which of the following is not a function of the central executive?

A

It consolidates memory in short term memory and moves it to long-term memory.

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18
Q

If you are trying to learn a song in Latin for your school choir, when you are practicing those ancient Roman words in your head, what part of the Working Memory Model is being used?

A

The phonological loop

19
Q

How does the WMM explain the results of Landry & Bartling’s (2011) study of articulatory suppression?

A

Articulatory suppression prevents rehearsal in the phonological loop.

20
Q

How does Warrington & Shallice’s case study of KF support the Working Memory Model?

A

It showed that visual and verbal information is processed in different parts of the brain.

21
Q

Which of the following is not a limitation of the Working Memory Model?

A

There is a lack of biological support for the model.

22
Q

Which of the following statements is true about thinking, decision making and problem solving?

A

Decision making is a part of problem solving - and both decision making and problem solving are examples of thinking.

23
Q

Mary believes that she is an excellent math student. In fact, her favourite unit is statistics. However, when she is asked to critically evaluate the data of an experiment in psychology class, she does not know how to do it. How does the Dual Process model explain this?

A

She is not able to transfer her understanding in mathematics to a new context (situation). So, her approach to solving the problem shows System 1 thinking.

24
Q

If I meet two students from your school and they are brilliant psychology students, I may then conclude that your school must have an amazing psychology program. This conclusion follows a simple “rule of thumb” or a mental short-cut called a

A

heuristic

25
Q

When are we more likely to use System 1 thinking?

A

When we have too much information to process.

26
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic of System 1 thinking?

A

Is able to transfer information from one situation to another.

27
Q

Which of the following statements is true about the Wason selection task?

A

People make fewer errors when the task is put into a context which they understand, rather than an abstract task.

28
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic of System 2 thinking?

A

It is the basis for most of our day to day decision making.

29
Q

According to Goel et al (2000), which part of the brain may be responsible for processing abstract problems?

A

The parietal lobe.

30
Q

Which of the following is not a limitation of the Dual Process Model?

A

There is no biological support for a two systems approach.

31
Q

Which of the following is not a valid criticism of Englisch and Mussweiler’s study on the role of anchoring bias in courtroom sentencing?

A

It is not possible to exclude other factors that may have influenced the participants’ decisions.

32
Q

Which of the following is a correct statement of the findings of Strack and Mussweiler’s (1997) study of anchoring bias?

A

The low-value anchors have a greater effect than high-value anchors

33
Q

Which theory of memory could be used to explain peak-end rule?

A

Recency effect

34
Q

Which of the following statements is true regarding the framing effect?

A

We prefer less certain outcomes when information is framed in negative language.

35
Q

Which of the following is not a valid criticism of Tversky and Kahneman’s (1981) study of loss aversion?

A

The results are not reliable.

36
Q

In Strack and Mussweiler’s (1997) study of anchoring bias, the results are reported as means. What would be the best suggestion for the researchers?

A

Use the median because the answers are not real values, only guesses.

37
Q

What does it mean to say that Carerre & Gottman’s study was prospective in nature?

A

Data was gathered on their communication styles and then their relationship was evaluated for the next six years to see if the communication style predicted the end of their marriage.

38
Q

What is the function of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex or vmPFC?

A

All of the above.

39
Q

Which of the following is not an example related to the Somatic Marker Hypothesis?

A

I am trying to calculate the findings of my psychology internal assessment. I am confused and don’t know what to do. My best friend says, “this is just like the Stroop test lab that we did in class.” Suddenly, I remember. I decide to use a Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test to test the significance of my data.

40
Q

Bechara’s study of patients with bilateral damage to the vmPFC is an example of

A

A quasi-experiment

41
Q

According to research by de Martino et al (2006), which part of the brain appears to play a role when we have to make a decision which may result in a loss?

A

The amygdala

42
Q

Which of the following is a limitation of the study by de Martino on emotion and loss aversion?

A

We cannot know if the amygdala is guiding decision making or reacting to the decision made.

43
Q

Research using the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) shows that

A

Somatic markers may not always help people avoid bad choices.

IB Psychology (4 decks)

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