Socio-cognitive development and attachment

Question 1

What is the definition of self-recognition?

Answer 1

To be able to recognise yourself in a photograph or mirror.

Question 2

Are infants born with self-concept?

Answer 2

It is believed they are born without it and they gradually distinguish themselves from external environment in 2-6 months. with 18-24 months being true recognition.

Question 3

What is the idea of the looking glass self?

Answer 3

The fact that a child’s self-concept is determined through the eyes of others.

Question 4

What is meant by the categorical self?

Answer 4

Identifying yourself through categories, such as age, gender, sex and race.

Question 5

What is the rouge test?

Answer 5

Monkeys placed in front of mirror, then a red dot placed on forehead while unconcious, monkeys then looked back in mirror and touched the red dot once a minute for 30 minutes showing they were aware of themselves.

Question 6

When do children develop personal pronouns in language?

Answer 6

Age 2

Question 7

What is an attachment?

Answer 7

Enduring a social or emotional two-way tie with a specific person, enduring across time and space.

Question 8

What is imprinting?

Answer 8

Usually in birds, becoming attached to the first moving object they see.

Question 9

What happened in the 44 juvenile thieves study?

Answer 9

Bowlby studied 44 thieves and found that more than half had experiences separation from their mothers, and 32% were found to have emotionless psychopathy.

Question 10

What did Harlow’s monkey study show?

Answer 10

That comfort is an innate need, nature over nurture but not receiving comfort can impact future as the monkeys did not know how to comfort their own children.

Question 11

What is the pre-attachment phase?

Answer 11

Birth - 6 weeks, produces innate signal s that bring others to attention and is comforted by interaction from crying.

Question 12

What is the attachment in the making phase?

Answer 12

6 weeks - 6/8 months. Infant begins to interact more with familiar people.

Question 13

What is the clear cut attachment phase?

Answer 13

6/8 months- 1 and a half years. Seeks out contact with regular caregiver shows separation anxiety and distress.

Question 14

What is the reciprocal relationship phase?

Answer 14

1 and a half- 2 year. Children take an active role in reciprocating the relationship.

Question 15

When does stranger anxiety occur?

Answer 15

6-12 months, reduced when caregiver is friendly to stranger.

Question 16

When does separation anxiety occur?

Answer 16

When caregiver leaves, begins at 6 months and peaks at 15 months. Reduced when situation is familiar.

Question 17

What are the phases in the strange situation?

Answer 17

• Observer, mother and child
• Mother and child
• MOther stranger and child mother is talking to stranger.
• Stranger and child.
• Mother returns, first reunion.
• Child alone
• Child and stranger
• Child and mother for second reunion.

Question 18

What are the characteristics of a secure attachment?

Answer 18

Distress when mother leaves, avoidant of strangers when alone but fine when mother present.
Positive reaction to mother returning.
Uses mother as a safe base.

Question 19

What percentage of the infants in the strange situation were secure?

Answer 19

70%.

Question 20

What are the characteristics of an ambivalent attachment?

Answer 20

Extreme distress when mother leaves.
Avoids stranger at all costs.
Approaches mother on return but doesn’t want comfort.
Cries more and explores less.

Question 21

What percentage of children in the strange situation were ambivalent?

Answer 21

15%

Question 22

What are the characteristics of an avoidant attachment?

Answer 22

No signals of distress when mother leaves.
Fine with stranger plays normally.
Shows little interest when mother returns.
The child is comforted by stranger and mother equally as well.

Question 23

What percentage of infants in the strange situation were avoidant?

Answer 23

15%

Question 24

What are the critiques of the strange situation?

Answer 24

Culturally biased and ethnocentric.
Ecological validity lacking.
Ethically wrong causing distress, however short period of time and no long term issues.
Lack of consent.
Allows for early identification of attachment issues.

Question 25

What is oxytocin?

Answer 25

Bonding hormone produced with skin on skin contact, pregnant woman have a higher level.