Perceiving and moving

Question 1

At what age do infants perceive depth and dimension?

Answer 1

6 months.

Question 2

What is perceiving depth?

Answer 2

The ability to judge distance between ourselves and objects, develops throughout our first year.

Question 3

What is accomodation?

Answer 3

The change and stretching of the lense in order to identify a shape.

Question 4

What is convergence?

Answer 4

Two eyes begin to make out one sole image.

Question 5

At what age do accommodation and convergence develop?

Answer 5

2 months.

Question 6

What is the procedure of Gibson and Walk’s visual cliff experiment?

Answer 6

Infants of different ages crawl across a perspective box, reluctant to crawl on the deep end but happy to sit at the shallow.

Question 7

What was the conclusion of the visual cliff experiment?

Answer 7

that perception of depth is innate.

Question 8

Why can the conclusion of the visual cliff experiment be challenged?

Answer 8

Because the age a baby can crawl and therefore take part in the experiment is 6 months and therefore depth may have already been developed, therefore not necessarily innate.

Question 9

What was found when heart rate of a 2 month old was measured on visual cliff?

Answer 9

Heart rate decreased which is associated in interest and not fear.

Question 10

What did Schwartz et al find about the visual cliff?

Answer 10

5 month olds heart rate decreased showing interest but 9 month olds increased showing fear, therefore may not be innate but associated with the ability to move.

Question 11

What is binocular vision?

Answer 11

Ability to perceive the world with information from both of your eyes.

Question 12

What is the rooting reflex?

Answer 12

A baby moving towards a stimuli as a response.

Question 13

What is the moro reflex?

Answer 13

When a baby is startled they will throw out their arms and legs when pull in all limbs as a defense mechanism.

Question 14

What is the grasp reflex?

Answer 14

Baby will grasp and object when it is placed in their palm.

Question 15

What are gross motor skills?

Answer 15

Control of large muscles e.g. arms and legs.

Question 16

What are fine motor skills?

Answer 16

Control of smaller muscles e.g. fingers and toes.

Question 17

What is the cephalocaudal trend?

Answer 17

Physical maturation and growth that proceeds from head to toe, happens in first 2 years of life.

Question 18

What is the proximodistal trend?

Answer 18

Physical maturation and growth from areas around the centre of the body to the extremities, fingers and toes, idea that infants nervous system develops before arms and legs.

Question 19

Which study supports that development has cultural differences?

Answer 19

Karasik et al 2015, observational study that no italian and only 2 us infants could sit individually, whereas Cameroonian infants sat for 28 minutes.

Question 20

What did Karasik’s study conclude?

Answer 20

That development speed is impacted by upbringing and expectations of an independent child.

Question 21

What is the ulnar grasp?

Answer 21

Adjusting grip for different objects (3 months) and using 2 hands to grasp (4-5 months).

Question 22

What is the pincer grip?

Answer 22

Using thumb and forefinger to pick things up.

Question 23

What are fine motor movements?

Answer 23

Well coordinated movements usually perfected by 1 year. Reaching improves due to depth perception development.