Perceiving and moving Flashcards
At what age do infants perceive depth and dimension?
6 months.
What is perceiving depth?
The ability to judge distance between ourselves and objects, develops throughout our first year.
What is accomodation?
The change and stretching of the lense in order to identify a shape.
What is convergence?
Two eyes begin to make out one sole image.
At what age do accommodation and convergence develop?
2 months.
What is the procedure of Gibson and Walk’s visual cliff experiment?
Infants of different ages crawl across a perspective box, reluctant to crawl on the deep end but happy to sit at the shallow.
What was the conclusion of the visual cliff experiment?
that perception of depth is innate.
Why can the conclusion of the visual cliff experiment be challenged?
Because the age a baby can crawl and therefore take part in the experiment is 6 months and therefore depth may have already been developed, therefore not necessarily innate.
What was found when heart rate of a 2 month old was measured on visual cliff?
Heart rate decreased which is associated in interest and not fear.
What did Schwartz et al find about the visual cliff?
5 month olds heart rate decreased showing interest but 9 month olds increased showing fear, therefore may not be innate but associated with the ability to move.
What is binocular vision?
Ability to perceive the world with information from both of your eyes.
What is the rooting reflex?
A baby moving towards a stimuli as a response.
What is the moro reflex?
When a baby is startled they will throw out their arms and legs when pull in all limbs as a defense mechanism.
What is the grasp reflex?
Baby will grasp and object when it is placed in their palm.
What are gross motor skills?
Control of large muscles e.g. arms and legs.
What are fine motor skills?
Control of smaller muscles e.g. fingers and toes.
What is the cephalocaudal trend?
Physical maturation and growth that proceeds from head to toe, happens in first 2 years of life.
What is the proximodistal trend?
Physical maturation and growth from areas around the centre of the body to the extremities, fingers and toes, idea that infants nervous system develops before arms and legs.
Which study supports that development has cultural differences?
Karasik et al 2015, observational study that no italian and only 2 us infants could sit individually, whereas Cameroonian infants sat for 28 minutes.
What did Karasik’s study conclude?
That development speed is impacted by upbringing and expectations of an independent child.
What is the ulnar grasp?
Adjusting grip for different objects (3 months) and using 2 hands to grasp (4-5 months).
What is the pincer grip?
Using thumb and forefinger to pick things up.
What are fine motor movements?
Well coordinated movements usually perfected by 1 year. Reaching improves due to depth perception development.
