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Review of LAW, SOCIO, HISTORY > SOCIO 109 > Flashcards

SOCIO 109 Flashcards

Religion

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1
Q

what are beliefs

A

things we hold to be true associated with a supernatural power

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2
Q

Types of beliefs

A

supernaturalism
animism
naturism
theism
monotheism
polytheism
{santmp}

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3
Q

supernaturalism

A

beliefs in spirits

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4
Q

animisim

A

beliefs in clearly defined supernatural beings such as spirits or demons for good and evil

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5
Q

naturism

A

beliefs in things of nature

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6
Q

theism

A

belief in God or Gods who are seen as controlling of all humans

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7
Q

monotheism

A

belief in a single god

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8
Q

polytheism

A

belief in many gods

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9
Q

ritual

A

practices by members of a religion to maintain their relationship with their God

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10
Q

religious institutions

A

social structures and mechanisms of social order and cooperation governing the behaviour of the believers or members of the religion

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11
Q

functions of religious institutions

A

disciplinary
cohesive
revitalizing
euphoric

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12
Q

disciplinary function

A

to prepare men for social life by imposing self discipline

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13
Q

cohesive function

A

bring people together through worship

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14
Q

revitalizing function

A

reminds persons of their past and social heritage (generational transmission of values)

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15
Q

euphoric function

A

induces an immense feeling of happiness

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16
Q

list the religious organizations

A

churches
sects
cults
denominations

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17
Q

churches

A

-Large and well established.
* People are born into it; usually upper class
* Conservative; maintain close ties with the state
* Formal hierarchal structure
* Congregation plays limited role in ceremonies which are
made up of complex rituals.
* Believe they possess monopoly (Challenges authority).
* Churches do not attempt to control members

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18
Q

examples of churches

A

church of england
roman catholic church

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19
Q

denominations

A
  • Do not have universal appeal as they are found in Western
    societies
  • Members are lower and middle class; very few from upper class
  • Do not identify with the state; calls for strict separation between
    the church and state
  • Do not claim monopoly–more cordial with other religious groups
  • Make no attempt to control lives of members–they advocate
    moderation
  • Formal hierarchal structure
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20
Q

examples of denominations

A

Methodists, Moravians, Presbyterians

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21
Q

sects

A
  • Smaller in size and less established.
  • Emerges as split from another group
  • Members attained mainly from conversions
  • Members are mainly disenchanted and lower class
  • Once baptized as adults, members are required to withdraw from
    life outside the sect.
  • Sects believe they have monopoly (Only Religious Truth)
  • No central authority—it lies with a single charismatic leader.
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22
Q

examples of sects

A

Pentecostals and Seventh Day Adventist

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23
Q

cults

A
  • Small in size.
  • No place to specific place to worship
  • No well-defined rituals and no clear ethics to guide the behaviour
    of their members
  • Members individualistic; leader charismatic (connected to God and
    can help them unlock spiritual potential)
  • Cults attract persons from all classes, particularly the young and
    wealthy.
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24
Q

examples of cults

A

People’s Temple in Guyana (1970s)–Jim Jones, The Peoples Temple,The Unification Church, The Nation of Islam

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25
Q

christianity emerged from the teachings of

A

jesus

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26
Q

how did christianity spread

A

Middle East and then to Europe and embraced
by Romans.

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27
Q

the teachings of christianity are based on what book

A

the bible

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28
Q

explain the two forms christianity is split into

A
  • Catholicism: The faith, practice, and church order of the Roman Catholic Church. (The Pope)
  • Protestantism: The faith, practice, and Church order of the Protestant Churches based on doctrines, bible teachings etc….
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29
Q

islam is a ………. religion

A

monotheistic

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30
Q

islam is based on the teachings of

A

the prophet muhammad

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31
Q

The teachings of the prophet are recorded in the

A

Qur’an

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32
Q

What is the name of the only God in Islam?

A

Allah

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33
Q

The FIVE pillars of Islam

A

Shahada
Salah
Siyam
Zakat
Hajj

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34
Q

Shahada

A

The Verbal Commitment and Pledge that there is no deity but Allah.

35
Q

Salah

A

It is the duty of every Muslim to perform five prayers everyday.

36
Q

Siyam

A

All adult, healthy Muslims are required to fast during the month of Ramadan.

37
Q

Zakat

A

All muslims who possess money that exceeds their needs are to give to charity.

38
Q

Hajj

A

Every Muslim who us financially and physically able to make a spiritual journey to
Mecca, the birthplace of Prophet Mahammad.

39
Q

where was hinduism born

A

the region between the river
Ganges and the river Jamuna.

40
Q

where is hinduism popular

A

trinidad&tobago / guyana

41
Q

Primary deities that make up the Divine:

A
  • Brahma (The Creator)
  • Vishnu (The Preserver)
  • Shiva (The Destroyer)
42
Q

the Sacred Scriptures (Hinduism)

A

Vedas

43
Q

700-verse Hindu
scripture

A

Bhagavad Gita

44
Q

Hindu worship ceremonies

A

Pujas

45
Q

Pujas are held …..

A

daily or weekly

46
Q

Hindu priests

A

Pandits

47
Q

hindus believe in reincarnation, what does this mean?

A

A doctrine in which life is seen as a constant cycle of birth, death and
rebirth- After death, a person’s soul reappear in a different bodily form.

48
Q

who did durkheim observe for his view on religion?

A

Durkheim learnt through observation of the Aborigines’ worship of
totems about the power of religion

49
Q

durkheim realizations on religion

A

Worshipping these objects evoke feelings of excitement hence this acts as social cement that promotes solidarity among
members
* Through worship, people are reminded of norms, values and
beliefs that help them to survive as a group and the
consequences of violating group norms
* The worship ritual has the power to develop collective
consciousness (shared beliefs, values and sentiments that are
formed to maintains social order)
* People separate things into two distinct groupings: the sacred
and the profane.

50
Q

talcott parsons

A

Religion reinforces value consensus
* People believe that God in still in control and things will get
better so they can deal with failed promises of better standard of living, end to poverty etc…
* People who engage in immoral/illegal activities will be
punished as they will not have eternal life
* Religion provides us with values and norms that guide human behaviour (Quran/Bible are used as basis for the formulation of
laws and guide to the establishment of institutions)

51
Q

bronislaw malinowki

A
  • Agreed with Durkheim that religion promotes integration; but he stated that religion also has the ability to satisfy people’s
    psychological needs
  • Trobriand islanders in Western Pacific–>studied how people
    dealt with life crises/issues that could provoke emotions and
    tensions among them.
  • Birth, puberty, marriage and death were viewed as life crises
  • Turned to their shaman to perform rituals to help them deal with
    issues and given the mental strength to go on with their lives
  • Religious rituals helped them deal with daily tensions (people
    feared fishing so they did rituals under the shaman; rituals also
    led to large harvests).
52
Q

what did Marx describe religion as

A

opiate of the masses

53
Q

what did Marx think about Christianity

A

Christianity was the dominant religion and he believed that the religious
ideologies taught by the church played a major role in helping the ruling
class to exercise control over the working classes

54
Q

according to marx, what part of society does religion form

A

superstructure

55
Q

how does religion go against marx’s beliefs

A

Religion teaches that problem solving is best dealt with at a supernatural
level(goes against Marxists’ belief that problems in capitalist societies can
only be resolved through revolutionary actions of the working classes)

56
Q

what did marx mean by calling religion an opiate of the masses

A

He meant that religion is used in capitalist society to create illusions of
happiness among the oppressed working classes.

57
Q

what do marxists believe the role of the clergy is

A

Marx created the impression that the clergy’s only role was to
comfort and pacify the working classes and do nothing to
materially better their lives.

58
Q

weber on religion

A

He argued that certain religions produced ideas essential for the
development of capitalism and in the process brought radical
changes to society as a whole

59
Q

feminists on religion

A
  • Feminists, like functionalists and Marxists offer conservative
    views on religion since they argue that religion helps to maintain
    the status quo in society.
  • Argue that religion is a patriarchal institution.
  • Language used in religious texts provides imagery and symbols
    of male superiority over females.
  • Feminists draw our attention to the contrasting stereotypical
    images that Christian texts associate with females.
  • Women have no leadership roles in the Roman Catholic Church,
    Hinduism, Judaism, Islam. Similarly, in the Rastafarian
    movement there is the principle of the women’s submission to
    male authority.
60
Q

where did the vodou religion originate from

A

haiti

61
Q

Syncretism

A

blending differing religious beliefs into something new

62
Q

what are leaders in the vodou religion called

A

Oungans and Manbos

63
Q

names of the only vodou God

A

( Mawn-Lisa among the Fon, Olorun among the Yoruba and Bondye (or Gran Met – The Good God).

64
Q

what is the name of the God of the Dead

A

Baron Samdi

65
Q

another name for santeria is

A

Regla de Ocha,

66
Q

santeria originated from

A

cuba

67
Q

what is the name of the supreme creator santeria speaks about

A

Olorun

68
Q

This supreme being has a number of deities known as …….. under his
power.(Santeria)

A

Orishas

69
Q

what is a committed worhipper of Santeria called

A

Santero

70
Q

what did Orishas practice

A

animal blood sacrifices

71
Q

where did Orisha originate from

A

Africa/ Trinidad & Tobago

72
Q

In Trinidad, the Orishas worship spirits such as

A

Shango, Ogun and Eshu

73
Q

Spiritual Baptists are also called

A

Shouter Baptists

74
Q

where did Spiritual Baptism originate from

A

This religious group is mainly associated with Trinidad but originated in
St. Vincent where it was outlaws in the 1912.

75
Q

Shakerism

A

manner is which Spiritual Baptists members shock their
bodies from side to side during invoking feelings and spirits during
worship

76
Q

They believe that members must go to the 1….. to undergo
a period of 3-7 days of fasting and mediation as a 2………

A

1 Mourning Gourd
2 Cleansing process

77
Q

where did kumina originate from

A

Jamaica

78
Q

Kumina followers believe in an all-powerful God name

A

King Zambi

79
Q

(Kumina)They believe in the ancestral spirits given by God. These spirits are of three (3)
Types:

A
  1. The Sky Gods: Highest ranking deities who have strong powers.
  2. The Earthbound Gods: Have strong powers and many are used by the Obeah
    men to do private work
  3. The Zombies: Deceased members of families living in the area.
80
Q

Rastafarians consider - to be heaven on earth

A

Ethiopia

81
Q

Mayalism

A

A system of belief among West Indian blacks akin to obeah and
probably of West African origin.)

82
Q

Haile Selassie

A

the Emperor of Ethiopia

83
Q

Why is the Caribbean referred to as Babylon according to Rastafarianism

A

due to Slavery in the Caribbean

84
Q
A

Review of LAW, SOCIO, HISTORY (13 decks)

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