socialization (textbook) Flashcards
Freud and self-image
infants begin forming self-image when demands are not immediately met
- through lessons of self control, children learn to behave appropriately and develop sense of right and wrong.
- personal conscience containing cultural standards forms
- psychological mechanism develops, balancing pleasure-seeking and restraining components of self
mead’s argument of the self
subjective and impulsive aspect of the self is present from birth - social interaction leads to emergence of culturally approved standards
the “i” and “me”
impulsive aspect of the self - the i
social component of the self - the me
freud’s view of impulsive side
denying the impulsive side of self leads to crystalization of the self’s objective side
mead’s view of the “me”
our unique human capacity to “take the role of the other” is the basis of the “me”
crystalization of the self
shaped by the unique history we live
rites of passage
- signify transitions from one life stage to another (baptism, graduation)
- some established by law (drinking age, driver’s license)
- not all cultures attach the same significance to them
social necessity and responsibility
- determined where/when the idea of childhood emerged
- idea of condensed childhood disappeared when average life span increased
- made it possible to better train and prepare youth for adult life
effect of the great depression on children/adolescents
clarified gap between childhood & adolescence
- teens had to leave school to work - but elementary children were regarded too unskilled to be worth it to leave school
path to adulthood in wealthier/more complex societies
is longer
age cohort
category of people born in the same range of years
age roles
behaviors expected in different age cohorts
- form important part of self and others
- some by law - legal smoking/drinking age
generation
- members of age cohort who have unique and formative experiences during youth as well as collective identity and shared values
when are generations most likely to form
in times of rapid social change
not all cohorts can become a generation
t
greatest generation
- 1929-45
- hardwork, thriftiness, conformity
- shaped by WW2 - didn’t experience combat
- threatened by change
baby boomers
- baby boom after WW2 - until mid 1960s
- cultural revolution - opposed war
- competitive, independent, innovative
- “out of touch”
generation x
- 1966-1981
- first interactive gaming console - Ataris
- grew up in time of rising divorce rates
- skeptical, individualistic, conservative with money
millennials
- first to come of age in 21st century
- lazy, overconfident,
- record high attendance in post secondary
- great recession broke career goals
- largest segment in workforce today
- open minded
gen z
1995-2010
- online shopping
- growing up slowly - missing milestones that mark passage to adulthood
- fewer youth dating
- social media
- rise of anxiety/depression
adaptation in socialization
arranging actions to maximize degree to which environment satisfies our needs & interests
family and adaptation
abusive family - adaptive strategies that children learn and who they become are different than a supportive family
socialization as evolutionary process
- in any environment - person acts on basis of existing personal characteristics and interests
- environment responds –> by either reinforcing existing patterns (cooperation) or encouraging change (resistance)
hidden curriculum
teaches students to be good citizens after graduation
- conformist behaviors
- students believe they’re judged on performance alone
Thomas’s theorem on symbolic interactionism and self-fulfilling prophecy
situations we define as real become real in their consequences
self-fulfilling prophecy
- expectation that helps cause what it predicts
- if teacher expectations are high, students achive more
- if teachers believe children from underprivileged backgrounds will do poorly - then children do poorly
leading socialization agent from middle school to adolescence
peer groups
in the long run, families have more influence than peer groups on educational ambitions, political/social/religious beliefs than peer groups
t
mass media and feminist approach to socialization
- message of male superiority
- assignment of intelligence to men in movies
resocialization
when powerful social agents intentionally cause rapid change in people’s values, roles and self-conception
initiation rites
mark individual transition to group
- abandoned self-perception - take on new identity
3 steps to initiation rites
- separates from old status (ritual rejection)
- experience degradation, disorientation, stress (ritual death)
- accepts group culture and status (ritual rebirth)
total institutions
isolated, under strict control
- prison, asylum
where does resocialization happen without initiation rites
total institutions
anticipatory socialization
- flexible self, taking on behaviors of roles we wish to acquire
globalization and the flexible self
people change now more and faster than ever
change of body and self-conception
body building, weight reduction, plastic surgery, sex reassignment,
flexible self and the internet
social media affects how people think of themselves - implies that the self is increasingly flexible
