socialization and the creation of social idententity

Question 1

define society

Answer 1

physical space- in the sense of a distinctive geographical area
mental space- the beliefs about the similarities they share with people in “their” society and the differences with people in other societies

Question 2

social construction

Answer 2

our perception of what is real is created through a variety of historical and cultural processes, rather than something that is fixed and naturally occurring

Question 3

culture

Answer 3

the way of life of a particular group of people, taught and learnt through socialization

Question 4

socialization

Answer 4

the process through which people learn various forms of behavior that go with membership of a particular culture. e.g young children learn roles, norms and values they will need to become functioning adults in their society, these thing are not acquired naturally

Question 5

roles, values and norms

Answer 5

roles- expected patterns of behavior expected with each position that we hold, such as being a friend, student or teacher.
norms- refers to behavior and attitudes which are considered normal
values- beliefs or ideas that are important to the people who hold them. a value always expresses a belief about how something should be

Question 6

the i and the me

Answer 6

An “i” aspect is based around our opinion of ourselves as a whole. we each respond to the behavior of others as an i. Mead called this the “unsocialized self”

A “me” aspect consists of an awareness of how others expect us to behave in a given situation. Mead called this the “social self” because it develops through socialisation

Question 7

agencies of primary socialisation and social control

Answer 7

the family by first the parents then other members of the family

Peer-groups are made up of people of a similar age, for example, teenagers. personal interaction with them influences our behaviour – from how we dress and talk to the things we love or hate

Question 8

agencies of secondary socialisation and social control

Answer 8

secondary socialisation: involves secondary groups were we do not necessarily have close relationships with the ones socialising.

parsons argues that its purpose is to “liberate the individual from the dependence on the primary attachments and relationships formed within the family group”

its agencies are
education
media
religion

Question 9

social control

Answer 9

ways in which members of society are made to conform to norms and values

Question 10

over-socialised conception of man

Answer 10

criticisms of the claim that human beings are simply a product pf their socialisation and that behavior can be understood as merely a response to external influence

Question 11

2 forms of social control

Answer 11

formal controls

informal controls

Question 12

the mechanism trough which order is maintained

Answer 12

ideology
power
force
consensus

Question 13

different societies involve two types of space:

Answer 13

1 Physical space, in the sense of a distinctive geographical area marked by either a physical border, such as a river, or a non-physical border – perhaps a made up line that marks where one society ends and another begins.
2 Mental space, which separates people based on the beliefs they have about the similarities they share with people in ‘their’ society and the differences from people in other societies

Question 14

factors supporting that society is a mental space

Answer 14

• a system of government, which may involve, for example, a royal family (monarchy
• common language, customs and traditions that people share
• a sense of belonging and identification that involves developing the view that ‘our’ society is different from other societies

Question 15

The social construction of reality

Answer 15

Societies are mental constructions, therefore their reality is socially constructed

Question 16

All cultures have two basic parts:

Answer 16

1 Material culture involves the physical objects (‘artefacts’), such as cars, phones and books
2 Non-material culture consists of the knowledge and beliefs valued by a particular culture. This includes religious and scientific beliefs, as well as the meanings people give to material objects

Question 17

Anomie

Answer 17

a situation in which people are unable to predict the behaviour of others because the system of norms and values is not being followed

Question 18

nurture versus nature debate

Answer 18

Nature refers to all of the genes and hereditary factors that influence who we are—from our physical appearance to our personality characteristics.
Nurture refers to all the environmental variables that impact who we are, including our early childhood experiences, how we were raised, our social relationships, and our surrounding culture.

Question 19

factors supporting nurture debate

Answer 19

a persons behavior can be linked to influences such as parenting styles and learned experiences.
For example, a child might learn through observation and reinforcement to say ‘please’ and ‘thank you.’ Another child might learn to behave aggressively by observing older children engage in violent behavior on the playground.

Albert Bandura’s social learning theory. According to the theory, people learn by observing the behavior of others. In his famous Bobo doll experiment, Bandura demonstrated that children could learn aggressive behaviors simply by observing another person acting aggressively.

why nurture debate is more accurate
If you explain human behaviour as being the same as animal behaviour, that means that humans would all behave in the same way. French cats behave in the same way as British cats. Do British people behave like French people? People in Britain do tend to behave in a similar way.

Question 20

factors supporting nature debate

Answer 20

certain genetic diseases, eye color, hair color, and skin color. Other things like life expectancy and height have a strong biological component, but they are also influenced by environmental factors and lifestyle.

Question 21

our reactions are conditioned by factors such as

Answer 21

• who you are – whether you are adult or child, male or female and so on
• where you are – alone at home or in a public place
• who you are with – such as family, friends or strangers

Question 22

The presentation of self Goffman (1959) argues that

Answer 22

social life as a series of dramatic episodes. People are actors. Sometimes, they write and speak their own lines – this is their personal identity.

Sometimes, they follow lines that are written for them – the external influences that inform how people behave in particular situations and roles

Question 23

The presentation of self always involves

Answer 23

• The importance of interpretation: identities are broad social categories whose meaning differs both historically and across different cultures.
• The significance of negotiation. Identities are always open to discussion; what it means to be male, female, young, old and so on, is constantly changing as people ‘push the negotiated boundaries’ of these identities.

Question 24

Family

Answer 24

a social institution comprising a group of people linked by kinship ties

Question 25

Sanctions:

Answer 25

ways of rewarding or punishing acceptable or unacceptable behaviour; usually used in the sense of punishments (negative sanctions)

Question 26

Sub-cultures

Answer 26

a culture within a larger culture. Sub-cultures take many forms, such as religious groups, fans of a particular singer or actor, school gangs and so on. Sub-cultures usually develop their own norms and values, although these do not necessarily conflict with those of the wider culture within which they exist.

Question 27

Education involves two kinds of curriculum

Answer 27

• the formal curriculum that specifies the subjects, knowledge and skills that children are explicitly taught in school • a hidden curriculum: the things we learn from the experience of attending school, such as how to deal with strangers, listen to adult authority and have respect for the system.

Question 28

Parsons (1959a) argued that school plays a particularly significant role in secondary socialisation for two reasons

Answer 28

1 It ‘emancipates the child from primary attachment’ to their family. It moves children away from the affective relationships found in the family and introduces them to the instrumental relationships they will meet in adult life. It is in effect a bridge between the family home and the wider social world. 2 It allows children to ‘internalise a level of society’s values and norms that is a step higher than those learnt within families’. Through interaction with ‘strangers’ in the educational system, a child begins to adopt wider social values into their personal value system. something that also promotes social solidarity and value consensus

Question 29

Consensus

Answer 29

general agreement across a society on a set of values; seen by functionalists as essential for society to be stable.

Question 30

From a Marxist perspective, Bowles and Gintis (2002) argue that there is a correspondence between school norms and workplace norms: Schools prepare students for adult work by socialising them into values and norms that will make them uncomplaining workers. This correspondence theory is shown through school norms such as:

Answer 30

* the daily need for attendance * always being in the place you are supposed to be at certain times * the right of those in authority to give orders that must be obeyed.

Question 31

Consumerism

Answer 31

repeated experience of wealthy lifestyles and desirable consumer goods that suggests that ‘happiness’ is something that can bought

Question 32

short term effects of mass media secondary socialisation

Answer 32

imitation desensitisation- the idea that constant and repeated experience of something such as violence, gradually lovers our emotional reactions learning- introduced to new topics and ideas

Question 33

long term effects of mass media

Answer 33

consumerism | fear- overestimating the extent of crime or being a victim of terrorism

Question 34

structuralist

Answer 34

Structuralism (or macro theories) is the school of thought that human behaviour must be understood in the context of the social system – or structure – in which they exist. People are not just independent actors making independent decisions, they are the product of the social conditions in which they live.

Question 35

determinism

Answer 35

A theory that an individual's actions and life course is determined by external forces.

Question 36

different ways in which behavior is determined by informal rules or norms

Answer 36

every relationship we form involves playing a role- an idea that refers to people as playing a part in society each role has certain associated values or beliefs about how something should be

Question 37

consensus structuralism views on social control, conformity and resistance functonalism is a consensus

Answer 37

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Question 38

every institution must develop ways to ensure individuals conform to the needs of the institution and society as a whole. for parsons institutions do this by developing ways to solve 4 problems of their existance

Answer 38

1. goal maintenance 2. adaption 3. integration 4. latency

Question 39

conflict structuralism views on social control, conformity and resistance marxism and femiism

Answer 39

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Question 40

feminist views on social control, conformity and resistance

Answer 40

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Question 41

interactionism views on social control, conformity and resistance, meanings given to behavior

Answer 41

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Question 42

over-socialised conception of man

Answer 42

me

Question 43

structuration

Answer 43

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Question 44

conformity

Answer 44

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Question 45

factors explaining why individuals conform

Answer 45

sanctions social pressure self interest social change

Question 46

positive and negative sanctions

Answer 46

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Question 47

social control takes 2 basic forms

Answer 47

1. formal control | 2. informal control

Question 48

the mechanisms through which order is maintained

Answer 48

power ideology force consensus

Question 49

how ideology is used to maintain order

Answer 49

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Question 50

how power is used to maintain order

Answer 50

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Question 51

how consensus is used to maintain order

Answer 51

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Question 52

force

Answer 52

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Question 53

surveillance

Answer 53

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Question 54

how sociologists explain deviance and non conformity

Answer 54

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Question 55

miller (1962) sees subcultures of working class people have what sort of characteristics

Answer 55

trouble: willingness to accept that life involves conflict toughness: demonstrating "maleness" smartness: status among peers involves dressing as well as possible

Question 56

under-socialisation

Answer 56

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Question 57

marginalisation

Answer 57

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Question 58

non-conformity

Answer 58

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Question 59

cultural deprivation

Answer 59

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Question 60

resistance

Answer 60

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Question 61

neo-Marxism

Answer 61

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Question 62

social identities are based on

Answer 62

class gender ethnicity age

Question 63

what are the 2 forms of dominant gender identities

Answer 63

1. hegemonic masculinity | 2. emphasised femininity

Question 64

male identities

Answer 64

subordinate masculinities subversive masculinities complicit masculinities marginalised masculinity

Question 65

female identities

Answer 65

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Question 66

Oakley suggests 4 main ways children are socialised into gender roles

Answer 66

1. by manipulation-e.g stressing the importance of appearance to girls 2. by canalisation- channeling children's time and attention to different activities 3. by verbal appellation- how children are spoken to e.g girls being told they are pretty 4. by observing- how adults of different genders behave

Question 67

according to Oakley there are 3 main forms of female identities

Answer 67

1. contingent femininities- framed and shaped by male beliefs 2. assertive identities- reflect changing position of women in society 3. autonomous femininities- involve competition with man on female terms

Question 68

2 types of contingent femininities

Answer 68

normalised identities- for example women playing a secondary role to man as mothers, girlfriends,etc Chambers describes this as "producing a femininity that will secure male approval" sexualised identities- made through male eyes and fantasies where women are objects that exist for male gratification

Question 69

2 types of assertive identities

Answer 69

girl power identities- assert the importance of female friendships and that "sex is fun" ageing femininities- assert the right of elderly women to be fashionable. active and sexual beings

Question 70

characteristics of autonomous identities

Answer 70

highly educated successful career focused

Question 71

how childhood is socially constructed

Answer 71

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Question 72

why are identites changing

Answer 72

globalisation increased choice creation of newly/hybrid identites

Question 73

Beynon (2002) suggests that contemporary global societies are experiencing a crisis of masculine identity caused by a combination of

Answer 73

long term unemployment lower educational achievement compared to girls the rise of female friendly service industries

Question 74

retributive masculinities

Answer 74

aim to get back traditional masculinity

Question 75

typical behaviors of retributive masculinities

Answer 75

heavy drinking fighting romancing women

Question 76

retributive masculinity is based on idealised version of traditional masculinity. this identity is

Answer 76

firmly patriarchal aggressive oppositional to rejecting complicit masculinities seeks to reclaim masculinity

Question 77

marxist views on social control, conformity and resistance

Answer 77

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Question 78

feminist theories

Answer 78

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