Socialization and culture

Question 1

What is culture

Answer 1

the way that non material objects like thoughts actions, language and values come together with material objects to form a way of life

Question 2

what are the 2 different parts of culture and what do they mean

Answer 2

material(things) and non-material(ideas)

Question 3

What are the 4 things that make up non material culture

Answer 3

symbols ,values, beliefs and norms

Question 4

What are symbols

Answer 4

anything that carries a specific meaning that’s recognized by people who share a culture

Question 5

cultural transmission

Answer 5

spoken or non verbal language allows us to share the things that make up our culture

Question 6

sapir whorf hypothesis

Answer 6

person’s thoughts and actions are influenced by the cultural lens created by the language they speak . in languages where objects are given feminine articles people are more likely to see the object as feminine, vice versa for masculine
this is contenscious though, some the theories about how the hopi tribe described and saw time were false.

Question 7

what are values

Answer 7

the cultural standards that people use. To decide what’s good or bad what’s right or wrong the service the ideals and guidelines that we live by

Question 8

what are beliefs

Answer 8

specific ideas about what people think is true about the world

Question 9

what are norms

Answer 9

the rules and expectations that guide behavior within a society. they can be good bad or both at the same time.

Question 10

what is the first type of norm

Answer 10

folkways. the informal little rules that kind of go without saying it’s not illegal to violate a folkway but if you do there might be ramifications or what we call negative sanctions ,like if you walk onto an elevator and stand facing the back wall. breaking folkway might be good in some circles in and bad in others like getting a nose ring.

Question 11

what is the second type of norm

Answer 11

Mores. more official than folkways. codified or formalized as the stated rules and laws of the society broken you almost always get a negative sanction. and they’re usually more severe than just strange looks

Question 12

what is the taboo type of norm

Answer 12

Taboo, the norms that are crucial to a society’s moral center involving behaviors are always negatively sanctioned, killing isn’t actually a taboo because it’s considered acceptable to do in times of war.

Question 13

what is popular culture

Answer 13

cultural behaviors and ideas that are popular with most people in the society

Question 14

what is high culture

Answer 14

cultural patterns that distinguishes society’s elite

Question 15

what is mainstream culture

Answer 15

the cultural patterns that are broadly in line with the society’s cultural ideals and values

Question 16

what are subcultures

Answer 16

cultural patterns that set apart a segment of society’s population,cultural groups with the most power and societal influence get labeled the norm and people with less power get relegated to sub groups

Question 17

Why is America considered a melting pot and why is this not necessarily true

Answer 17

America is a mix of many cultures because of immigration, but some cultures are valued more than others

Question 18

Ethnocentrism

Answer 18

judging one culture by the standards of another

Question 19

Afrocentrism

Answer 19

a school of thought that re centers historical and sociological study on the contributions of Africans and African Americans

Question 20

multiculturalism

Answer 20

rather than seeing society as a homogeneous culture recognizes cultural diversity while advocating for the equal standing of all cultural traditions

Question 21

counterculture

Answer 21

active opposition to mainstream cultures

Question 22

cultural lag

Answer 22

some cultural elements change more slowly than others, like how education is really out dated

Question 23

cultural diffusion

Answer 23

how cultural traits spread from one culture to another, most things in America come from other countries

Question 24

what are the 5 types of societies lenski believed in

Answer 24

hunting and gathering, pastoral, horticultural, agrarian, industrial, post industrial society.

Question 25

what is socio cultural evolution

Answer 25

the changes that occur as a society gains new technology

Question 26

pastoral societies

Answer 26

domestication of animals

Question 27

horticultural

Answer 27

based on cultivating plants, we see the first human settlements as groups begin to stay put to remain close to reliable sources of food, led to surplus for the first time.

Question 28

surplus

Answer 28

more resources that are needed to feed the population, allows society to grow and it also means that not everyone needs to work on getting food, this in turn leads to the first real instances of specialization

Question 29

How did Kingsley Davis’s studies on the child Anna impact how we thought about children

Answer 29

Davis found Anna locked in a shed when she was five. she had been passed around from strangers to neighbors for the first 6 months of her life, and had no human contact other than to receive food. unable to speak or smile, unresponsive to human interaction. Even after years of education and medical treatment she had the mind of a 2 year old at age 8

Question 30

What was jean puget “first stage of development”

Answer 30

jean piget noticed kids at the same age tended to make the same mistakes so he suggested 4 different stages for child development. the first stage was sensory motor stage. where all knowledge is based on what you can perceive, babies touch everything.

Question 31

What was jean puget “second stage of development”

Answer 31

pre operational stage at this point kids learn to use language and begin to ask questions to learn about the world. This is where they use imagination. They start to understand symbols, but they don’t understand that other people have different understandings than them.

Question 32

What was jean puget “third stage of development”

Answer 32

concrete operational stage: around 6 or 7 develop the ability to take in other people’s perspectives and begin to make cause and effect connections

Question 33

What was jean puget “forth stage of development”

Answer 33

formal operational stage: 12 years old, that kids begin to think in the abstract and use logic and critical thinking

Question 34

Who built upon puget’s theories of development with moral development and what was his first stage.

Answer 34

Lawrence Kohlberg, The first stage is the pre conventional stage: right is just what feels good to them personally

Question 35

What was Lawrence Kohlberg’s 2nd stage of moral development

Answer 35

The conventional stage: where what’s right is what society and the people around them tells them is right

Question 36

What was Lawrence Kohlberg’s 3rd stage of moral development

Answer 36

the post conventional stage where they begin to consider more abstract ethical concepts than just right or wrong.

Question 37

Who built upon Lawrence Kohlberg’s work and what did she think

Answer 37

Carol Gilligan started out as a research assistant and collaborator of Kohlberg’s. she wanted to explore how girls and boys experience these stages differently, Kohlbert’s original studies only had male subjects. in her research, the boys tended to emphasize formal rules to define right and wrong what she called a justice perspective where as girls tended to emphasize the role of inter personal reasoning and moral decisions . she thought we socialize girls to be more nurturing and empathetic.

Question 38

What did George Herbert Mead think. What was his first stage of development

Answer 38

We are shaped entirely by our interactions with others and that different stages of play showed different stages development. his first stage of development was imitation. We learn by imitating

Question 39

What was Mead’s 2nd stage of development.

Answer 39

play, children play abstract roles, like playing mom, or playing salesman, or train conductor

Question 40

What was Mead’s 3rd stage of development.

Answer 40

The game stage, children learn to take on multiple roles in a single situation, like in a sport, they have to know general rules, their own place in the game and what other players are doing.

Question 41

What was Mead’s 4rd stage of development.

Answer 41

generalized other; basically a manifestation of all of our cultures norms and expectations.

Question 42

What was Erik Erikson’s research

Answer 42

Erikson had 8 stages of development that went from infancy to old age and described the problems each stage deals with.

Question 43

Under Eriksson’s research what are toddler’s biggest problems?

Answer 43

Gaining autonomy

Question 44

Under Eriksson’s research what are adult’s biggest problems?

Answer 44

Forming intimate relationships