Socialization Flashcards
the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture
socialization
a person’s fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking and feeling
personality
What 2 basic human opposing forces did Freud identify
Eros (love) and Thanatos (death)
What are the three parts of Freud’s personality model
1: Id
2: Ego
3: Superego
Id involves
basic drives
Ego involves
works to achieve balance
Superego involves
culture within
Jean Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development
- Sensorimotor stage
- Preoperational stage
- Concrete operational stage
- Formal operational stage
Sensorimotor stage
experience world through senses
preoperational stage
use of lamnguage and other symbols
concrete operational stage
perception of causal connections in surroundings
formal operational stage
abstract, critical thinking
What are Lawrence Kohlberg’s 3 stages of Moral Development
- Preconventional
- Conventional
- Postconventional
Preconventional stage
Children experience pain or pleasure
Conventional
Young people do what pleases parents/conforms to social norms
Postconventional
ability to consider abstract ethical principles.
Carol Gilligan’s comparison of Boys and Girls moral development
- Boys develop justice perspective
- Girls develop care and responsibility perspective
justice perspective
formal rules define right and wrong
care and responsibility perspective
personal relationships define reasoning
George Herbert Mead’s 4 components of the self
- Not there at birth
- develops from social experience
- social experience = exchange of symbols
- understanding intention requires imagining the situation from the other’s point of view.
the part of a personality composed of self-awareness and self-image
The Self
Charles Horton Cooley’s looking glass self
- Others represent a mirror in which we see ourselves
- What we think of ourselves depends on what we think others think of us.
Mead’s I and me
I: subjective element of self
Me: objective element of self
How do Mead’s I and Me appear in social interaction?
- we initiate action (I-phase)
- We continue based on how other’s respond (me-phase)
Who is a significant other
People (ex, parents) who have special importance for socialization
Generalized other
Widespread cultural norms and values we use as a reference in evaluating others
what are the three roles the self can take
- no one
- one
- many
Erik H. Erikson’s 8 Stages of development
1: Infancy
2: Toddlerhood (3)
3: Preschool (4-5)
4: Preadolescence (6-13)
5: adolescence (teen years)
6: Young adulthood
7: Middle adulthood
8: Old age
Challenge of an infant
establish trust in a safe world
Challenge of a toddler
learn skills to cope with the world in confidence
Challenges of a preschooler
learn to engage their surroundings and experience guilt at failing to meet others’ expectations
Challenges of a preadolescent
enter school, make friends, feel proud of accomplishments or like they don’t measure up.
Challenges of adolescent
identify with others, want to be unique, experience confusion of identity
Challenges of young adulthood
form/maintain intimate relationships while having a separate identity
Challenges of middle adulthood
contribute to the lives of others or become self-centered
challenge of old age
look back on life with satisfaction or despair
What are the 4 agents of socialization
- Family
- School
- Peer Group
- Peers
Socialization role of the family
- provide safe/caring environment
- teach skills/values
- social/ethnic/racial/class identity
Socialization role of school
- enlarges social world
- socialization of gender roles
- hidden curriculum/bureaucracy
Socialization role of peer groups
group whose members have common interests, social position, age
Socialization role of peers
- forming relationships
- Parental concern about peer influence
- Anticapatory socialization
Learning that helps a person to achieve a desired position
anticapatory socialization
mass media
means for transmitting info from 1 source to vast number of people
social media
media that allows communication with one another
How many hours of TV do canadian adults watch? (2017)
24.6 hours per week
What does television and internet surfing take away from?
- Interaction with family/peers
- Exercise
- Productivity
- Health
How does the media mirror social inequality?
Poor representation of minorities and women
violence code
regulation on violence in mass media
What is the general life course of a person
- Childhood
- Adolescence
- Adulthood
- Old age
childhood (birth through 12)
- carefree learning/play
- grounded in culture
adolescence (teen years)
- turmoil of cultural inconsistencies
- varies according to social class
adulthood (early: 20-40s, middle: 40-65)
- managing daily affairs
- circumstances are set
- concerns over health/career/family
Old age (mid-60s and older)
- more seniors than teenagers in Canada
- More visible in everyday life
the study of aging and the elderly
gerontology
What are the predictable signs of aging (7)
- Greying of hair
- Wrinkles
- Declining energy
- Loss of height/weight
- decline in strength/vitality
- sensory changes
- risk of chronic illness/conditions
A form of social organization in which elders have the most wealth, power and prestige.
gerontocracy
Where does a gerontocracy occur
pre-industrial society
prejudice and discrimination against the elderly
ageism
what have pensions achieved
decline in rates of poverty among the retired
What is the life expectancy of a canadian
78.8 years for men and 83.3 years for women
Elizabeth Kubler-Ross’s stages of dying (5)
- Denial
- Anger
- Negotiation/bargaining
- Resignation
- Acceptance
Are the stages in life biological or social
Reflect biological changes, are socially constructed
What factors shape the life course (5)
- Age
- Class
- Race
- Ethnicity
- Gender
A category of people with a common characteristic, usually their age
Cohort
A setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and manipulated by an administrative staff
Total institution
3 characteristics of a Total Institution (Erving Goffman)
- Staff supervise all daily life activities
- Environment is standardized
- Rules and daily schedules dictate routines
Radically changing a person’s personality by carefully controlling the environment
resocialization
2 parts of the resocialization process
- Break down of new inmates identity
2. Subject to “mortifications of self”.
Example of resocialization in a total institution
Prison
mortification of self
kiling of the concept of self through searches, head-shaving, assigning a serial number in place of a name
how do prison staff rebuild someone’s personality
rewards and punishments
what are the two possible outcomes of someone leaving prison
- Rehabilitation
2. Reinstitutionalized.
the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance
Dramaturgical analysis
A person’s efforts to create specific impressions in the minds of others
Presentation of self
how is the self a performance
we convey information to others as we present ourselves
Examples of Nonverbal Communication (3)
- Body movements
- Gestures
- Facial expressions
The way we act and carry ourselves
demeanor
How does gender affect use of space
- men command more space/territory
- Women are miniscule/dainty
Which gender is more sensitive to non-verbal communication
Women
Constructed performances to idealize our intentions
Idealization
Discomfort after a spoiled performance (losing face)
Embarrassment
Helping someone “save face” so that “reality” is not swept away
Tact
Role of culture in socialization (3)
- defines what triggers emotions
- Provides rules for emotinoal display
- guides how we value emotions
Foundation of humour
A contrast between conventional/unconventional realities
Dynamics of humour
“getting” the contrasts of realities heightens humour
Functions of humour
Safety valve
“It was just a joke”
How does humour liberate some while oppressing others
by acting as a “put down”
