Socialization

Question 1

To interact with others we need a ______, a sense of individual identity that allows us to understand who we are in relation to others and to differentiate ourselves from them.

Answer 1

Self

Question 2

We are constrained by societal ______ and values.

Answer 2

Norms

Question 3

The link between individuals and society is known as ________.

Answer 3

Socialization

Question 4

True or False: Individuals and society cannot exist without each other.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

What makes social interaction, social organizations, and social order possible?

Answer 5

Socialization

Question 6

Who proposed the first social-scientific interpretations of the process by which the self emerges?

Answer 6

Simon Freud

Question 7

What are the three types of theory groups for socialization?

Answer 7

Biology, Psychology, and Sociology.

Question 8

Who was E. O. Wilson?

Answer 8

Wilson pioneered the sub-discipline of sociobiology, which is the systematic study of how biology affects social behaviour. Wilson believed that genetics were what caused war, peace, envy, competition and cooperation.

Question 9

What did Wilson and Daly do in 1988? What was wrong with it?

Answer 9

Cite a study on the gendered nature of sexual jealousy. They found a significant difference between males and females, although they instantly claimed that it was biological, without taking into consideration that genders are conditioned differently by society.

Question 10

What would be considered agents of socialization?

Answer 10

Family, Schools, Peer Groups, Mass Media.

Question 11

How does social isolation at a young age affect individuals?

Answer 11

When introduced to others later in life, individuals who were isolated tend to be fearful and hostile to others. Furthermore, it affects their ability to learn, especially when learning language.

Question 12

What did Sigmund Freud believe about personalities?

Answer 12

Personalities were largely submerged in the unconscious.

Question 13

What were the three components of the conflicted mind, and who introduced them?

Answer 13

Introduced by Sigmund Freud, the three components of the conflicted mind were:

1) Id - The principle of pleasure. The part that demands your desires.
2) Superego - Personal conscious. The part that internalizes social norms.
3) Ego - The reality principle. The agent of balance between id and superego.

Question 14

What were Freud’s stages of development and how did he believe these affected individuals?

Answer 14

Failure to progress through each stage caused personality disorders in individuals. The stages of development were oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital.

Question 15

What were Piaget’s stages of development?

Answer 15

1) Sensorimotor - sensory contact.
2) Preoperational - begin to use symbols.
3) Concrete operational - Take the role of others,
4) Formal operational - Abstract thought.

Question 16

What were Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?

Answer 16

1) Preconventional - Punishment and obedience.
2) Conventional - Peer influence primary.
3) Post Conventional - Moral conduct/ human rights.

Question 17

Morality is a _______.

Answer 17

Social construct.

Question 18

What did Carol Gilligan contribute?

Answer 18

Gilligan stated that moral development was related to gender and how society conditions the genders to think. Gilligan believed that males were more concerned with law and order, while females were more concerned with the social consequences of social relationships.

Question 19

“Looking Glass Self”

Answer 19

A concept introduced by Charles Horton Cooley in 1902, it states that a person’s self grows out of a person’s social interactions with others. Our own view of ourselves stems from how others perceive us.

Question 20

What were the three aspects of Mead’s social self?

Answer 20

1) “Me” - How we perceive ourselves from the standpoint of others.
2) “I” The active component that initiates action.
3) “Generalized other” How we internalize social norms.”

Question 21

What were the stages of development according to Mead?

Answer 21

1) Egocentric Stage - Inability to take on the role of others.
2) Imitative Stage - Simply imitate others.
3) Play Stage - Actually adopt social roles.
4) Game Stage - Child gains an understanding of social expectations and rules.

Question 22

“Social Dramaturgy”

Answer 22

Introduced by Erving Goffman, he believed that our social selves were merely actors, putting on a play of socially acceptable characters, and our true selves were hidden backstage.

Question 23

How did psychology view personality opposed to sociology?

Answer 23

Psychology: Viewed personality to be relatively permanent over the course of our lives.
Sociology: Believed the social self undergoes constant change throughout the course of our lives.