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A level politics Edexcell > Socialism > Flashcards

Socialism Flashcards

1
Q

Who are the revolutionary Socialists?

A

Luxembourg and Marx

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2
Q

Who are the evolutionary Socialists?

A

Giddens, Crossland and Webb

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3
Q

Which Socialists are each of these: Social Democrat, Democratic Socialist and 3rd Way?

A

Crossland, Webb and Giddens (in that order)

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4
Q

How does Luxembourg say we should go about revolution?

A

Revolution will be organic, spontaneous and continuous, not just one movement

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5
Q

Why does Luxembourg argue revolution requires a proletarian society?

A

Because working-class activity is the key to change

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6
Q

What does Luxembourg think of Capitalism?

A

Capitalist state must be abolished, it is more resistant than a Marxist view outlines

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7
Q

What does Luxembourg think of Socialism?

A

Socialism is inevitable, it cannot ‘come from above’

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8
Q

Which state does Luxembourg think should replace the Capitalist one?

A

A socialist democracy

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9
Q

Which economy does Luxembourg think should replace the current one?

A

Common ownership and an economy of workers’ control

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10
Q

Which part of society does Luxembourg argue is morally indefensible?

A

Class divides in capitalist society are morally indefensible

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11
Q

Where does Luxembourg say solidarity can be found, within society?

A

In proletarian communities

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12
Q

What does Luxembourg prioritise over imperialism, and for which purpose?

A

Internationalism not imperialism: fraternity across nations

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13
Q

What does Luxembourg argue damages human nature?

A

Capitalism is damaging to human nature

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14
Q

What is Luxembourg’s criticism of ‘false consciousness’ under a Marxist view?

A

False consciousness is not as deep or as simplistic as the Marxist view suggests

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15
Q

Why does Luxembourg argue we should have class communities?

A

Fraternity and altruism in working complements our human nature

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16
Q

How does Webb say the state may be used to effect a gradual transition into socialism?

A

Through universal suffrage

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17
Q

How does Webb say the working class will vote?

A

Working-class will vote in their own interest

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18
Q

Through which process does Webb say the state should be changed?

A

Inevitability of gradualness

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19
Q

Does Webb think the state should be replaced?

A

Yes, through permeation: the state will serve as a key institution to deliver socialism

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20
Q

Which type of economic system does Webb outline?

A

Democratic socialism

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21
Q

List some features of Webb’s ideal economy.

A

Common ownership and means of production, centralised planning, and workers secure the full fruits of their labour

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22
Q

What does Webb believe about human nature?

A

Humans are naturally cooperative

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23
Q

How does Webb say Capitalism has affected human nature?

A

Capitalism has damaged human nature

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24
Q

What does Webb say violent revolution will do?

A

Violence of revolution will compound this damage, rather than reverse it

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25
What does Webb highlight as the route back to our original humanity?
Through gradual change and cooperation (unions)
26
How does Crossland argue the state should be used?
State should be used as a tool to redistribute wealth and create equality in society
27
What does Crossland think of the welfare state and public services?
Steady expansion of the welfare state and better public services
28
When did the Labour party use the state to effect radical socialist change, according to Crossland?
Labour 1945- 1951
29
Crossland argues the existing social and economic systems can be used to create what?
An equal state (education and extension of welfare)
30
What does Crossland argue are the goals of Socialism (and so what else is not)?
State ownership is not the goal of socialism, Equality and social justice are goals
31
Which type of Capitalism does Crossland argue for?
Managed capitalist economy, Liberalism from the ills of capitalism
32
What did Crossland say on common vs public ownership?
Common ownership has gone far enough, need some public ownership and more public spending
33
What are the Keynesian principles that Crossland supports?
Government intervention is necessary to address market failures and promote full employment.
34
Crossland argues Socialism now requires which type of economy?
A mixed economy, as 'a weak economy is not able to tackle class inequality'
35
Crossland argues there are which new classes?
New classes of ‘managers’ and ‘technocrats’
36
Why does Crossland argue for Comprehensive schools?
To break down class-based divisions
37
Crossland says education can be what?
An equalising force in society, in the pursuit of social justice
38
How does Crossland criticise Marx’s view of society?
Society is less binary: less polarised and more complex than Marx could’ve imagined
39
Why does Crossland say humans innately reject vast inequalities of outcome?
Humans possess a natural inclination towards fairness
40
What does Giddens say the state no longer does?
No longer plays a large interfering role in people’s lives and finances
41
What does Giddens argue has altered the role of the state?
Globalisation and technology
42
Why does Giddens support a move away from re-nationalisation?
Globalisation has made government less significant
43
What are Giddens’ thoughts on welfare policy?
Welfare policy should be mended rather than ended: 'a hand-up not a hand-out'
44
What does Giddens think of Capitalism and the free market?
Acceptance of capitalism and the free market, but acknowledges that laissez-faire capitalism has damaging effects
45
Which economic system does Giddens favour?
Unregulated, free-markets of the 1980s, Pragmatism over ideology 'go with the flow'
46
What is the aim of the economy, for Giddens?
Equality of opportunity (fairness over equality)
47
Which quote from Peter Mandeson describes Giddens’ opinion on the rich?
'We are intensely relaxed about people getting filthy rich, as long as they pay their taxes'
48
What does Giddens argue has happened to society?
Becomes individualised and atomised, losing sense of community and collectivism
49
What does Giddens emphasise, rather than equality of wealth?
Emphasis on cultural/ societal equality
50
What does Giddens say Capitalism does to society?
Corrodes fraternal bonds, fragmenting community, theory of alienation
51
Which social solution does Giddens propose, for the effects of Capitalism on society?
Employment & efficient public services will allow people to self-actualise (fulfilment)
52
What does Giddens think of human nature?
Individualistic and self-seeking
53
How does Giddens say Capitalism has affected human nature?
Capitalism has changed and (to an extent) damaged human nature, as Capitalist human nature is self-seeking and individualistic
54
How does Giddens say we should fix the effect Capitalism has had on human nature?
This change is not reversible, the left must instead adapt and work around this
55
Giddens says we inherently prioritise what, over ideology?
Pragmatism over ideology
56
Which state is Marx in favour of?
Communal ownership
57
How does Marx think the current state should be dealt with?
Gradual dissolution of the state
58
What does Marx think of Capitalism?
Anti-capitalist: exploitative of the proletariat, inhumane and unable to adapt to change
59
What does Marx think we should replace private property with?
A fair economic system
60
What is Marx’s belief of ‘surplus value’?
Workers are underpaid relative to the actual value of their labour
61
History of all societies is the history of what, according to Marx?
Class conflict
62
How does Marx say social class can be distinguished?
By means of production
63
Marx outlines Capitalism as dissolving what, in society?
Meaningful relationships in society
64
How does Marx say religion serves the ruling classes?
By thwarting the revolutionary potential of the oppressed and stopping social progress
65
Whose ideas are diametrically opposed, in Marx’s view?
Bourgeoisie and proletariat’s ideas (conflicting classes)
66
Which elements of current society does Marx say constitute a foundational element of capitalist society?
Nuclear family and subjugation of women
67
What does Marx say commodification does to human nature?
Corrodes all that honours the human spirit
68
Marx says human nature has which power?
A transformative power

A level politics Edexcell (14 decks)

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