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Socialisation, Culture And Identity Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define nature

A

Referring largely to genetics
Eg. Genes and hormones

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2
Q

Define nurture

A

The environmental influences that contribute to the development of an individual
Eg. Family and location

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3
Q

Define norms

A

Rules or expectations that are socially enforced

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4
Q

Define values

A

A cultures standard for discerning what is good and just ,in society

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5
Q

What is the definition of identity

A

How you see yourself which is affected by how others see you
A product of your experiences growing up

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6
Q

What are the key identities

A

Social class
Gender
Ethnic
Age
National
Sexual
Disabled

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7
Q

Which side of the nature vs nurture debate do sociologists prefer and why

A

Nurture - they are more interested in the role played by social influences

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8
Q

What is socialisation

A

When you are taught how to act in a society

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9
Q

What happens during socialisation

A

Individuals learn the behaviours, rules, things that are valued and regulations within a society

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10
Q

What are agents of socialisation

A

People and things that socialise individuals

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11
Q

What are the two types of socialisation

A

Primary and secondary

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12
Q

What is primary socialisation

A

The period early on in a persons life in which they begin to learn initial behaviours and build themselves up based on experiences and interactions

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13
Q

What are the agents of socialisation

A

Family
Education
Peer groups
Religion
Work place
Media
Government

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14
Q

What are the processes of social control

A

Positive sanctions, role models, peer pressure, official rules, praise, play, negative sanctions, criticism, repetition, inclusion, exclusion, imitation, rewards, stereotyping, deliberate instruction

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of positive sanctions as a process of social control

A

It can be given by family, education, peers, workplaces
It can be both informal or formal

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of role models as a process of social control

A

Can be in terms of media, family, religion, education
It is informal

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of peer pressure as a form of social control

A

It can be from peers or media
It is informal

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of official rules as a process of social control

A

Can be in education, work or within religion
Is a formal method

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of praise as a form of social control

A

Can be given by family, education, work, peers or media
Can be both formal and informal

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of play as a form of social control

A

Can be experienced with family peers and within education
Is an informal form

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of negative sanctions as a form of social control

A

Can be given by family, education, peers, workplaces
Can be both informal and formal

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of criticism as a form of social control

A

It can be given by family, peers, workplaces education or media
It can be both informal and formal

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23
Q

What are the characteristics of repetition as a form of social control

A

Can be given by religion, education, work, family
It can be both formal and informal

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24
Q

What are the characteristics of inclusion as a form of social control

A

Can be experienced with family, education, work, peers, or religion
Can be both formal and informal

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25
Q

What are the character of imitation as a form of social control

A

It can be experienced with family, religion, peers or media
It is informal

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26
Q

What are the characteristics of rewards as a process of social control

A

Can be received from family, work, education or peers
Can be both formal and informal

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27
Q

What are the characteristics of exclusion as a form of social control

A

It can be experienced from family, education, peers, work, religion or media
It can be both formal and informal

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28
Q

What are the characteristics of deliberate instruction as a form of social control

A

It can be received from family, education, work or religion
It is usually for a,

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29
Q

What are the characteristics of stereotyping as a form of social control

A

Can be experienced from media, peers, education
Can be both formal and informal

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30
Q

What is secondary socialisation

A

The way behaviour is learnt through agents other than the family such as media, education, peer groups, work and religion

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31
Q

What is social control

A

The process of persuading or forcing individuals to conform to norms and values

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32
Q

What is formal social control

A

Mechanisms to reward or punish acceptable or unacceptable behaviour associated with police, courts, government and military

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33
Q

What is informal social control

A

Mechanisms to reward or punch acceptable or unacceptable behaviour however they are varied and different from group to group
They are associated with informal agents of socialisation such as family, media, peer groups, religion, education and the work place

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34
Q

What are sanctions

A

Actions that discourage or encourage particular behaviour

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35
Q

What are some examples of norms

A
  • to pay for things in the shop
  • to follow instructions
  • not to hit people
  • to ask someone what is wrong if they are crying
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36
Q

What are some examples of values

A
  • one should be polite
  • one should not lie
  • one should not steal
  • one should think of others feelings
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37
Q

What does it mean that norms and values are relative

A

They are not fixed and can change over time and from culture to culture

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38
Q

Define role

A

A part a person plays within a group or situation which requires a person to carry out specific behaviours

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39
Q

Define status

A

Relative social or professional position/standing

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40
Q

What is ascribed status

A

Status that a person is born with such as being in the royal family

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41
Q

What is achieved status

A

Status that you work for such as your job

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42
Q

What is a spectacular subculture

A

A social group who subscribes to the norms and values of the mainstream society but they may also have some norms and values that are distinct from the rest of society

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43
Q

What are some examples of spectacular subcultures

A

Goth
Emo
Hipster

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44
Q

What is high culture

A

The culture of the elite and upper class
It is formed by people who believe that only people with good breeding and with appropriate education can appreciate the cultures artistic and aesthetic quality

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45
Q

What are some activities associated with high culture

A

Lacrosse
Opera
Horse riding
Formal dinner/dances

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46
Q

What is popular culture

A

Culture of ordinary people which is influenced by the media
Borrows the idea from high culture and popularises it to the masses

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47
Q

What is global culture

A

The world had become increasingly interconnected and so certain trends and cultures have spread worldwide

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48
Q

What is consumer culture

A

A culture in which the consumption of goods and services is the norm

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49
Q

What is cultural diversity

A

A culture that includes a diverse range of groups from different cultural backgrounds living separately in society

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50
Q

What is multiculturalism

A

Different cultures living equally in society

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51
Q

What are the different classifications of identity

A

Social class identity
Gender identity
Sexual identity
Ethnic identity
National identity
Age identity
Disability identity

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52
Q

What is identity

A

How you see yourself and how others see you

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53
Q

What is stratification

A

Division of society into hierarchically ordered layers with the most privileged at the top and the least favoured at the bottom
Exists in capitalists society and is based on class

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54
Q

What are the different social classes

A

Upper, middle, working (lower)

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55
Q

What are the 12 indicators of classifying social class

A

Income
Occupation
Speech
Wealth
Type of house
Clothing
Area lived in
Car
Dialect
Educational qualifications
Political party supported
Leisure activities

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56
Q

What is the theoretical approach to social class

A

Sociologists have different ideas about which classes exist and why
Eg. Marxists suggest there are only two social class groups
1. Those who own the means of production
2. Those who need to sell their labour power

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57
Q

What is the descriptive approach to social class

A

Ranking people into hierarchy based on a number of social indicators
Eg. The registrar generals scale and the NSSEC

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58
Q

What is the subjective approach to social class

A

Asking people to rate themselves

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59
Q

What is the objective approach to social class

A

Uses a measurement of class by asking respondent questions based on indicators such as income and occupation

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60
Q

Describe the registrar generals scale

A

Created in 1911 and used until 1990s
Based on people’s standing in community
Suggests a two class model

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61
Q

Describe the national statistics socioeconomic classification

A

Used from 1997
Changed from 13 categories to 8
Ranks occupations according to similarities of qualifications

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62
Q

What are the seven modern classes of social class

A

Elite
Eastaboushed middle class
Technical middle class
New affluent workers
Traditional working class
Emergent service workers
Precariat or precarious proletariat

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63
Q

What is the elite class

A

The most privileged group due to its wealth

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64
Q

What is the established middle class

A

Second wealthiest
Largest and most gregarious group

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65
Q

What is the technical middle class

A

Small and distinctive new class group which is prosperous
Distinguished by its social isolation and cultural apathy

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66
Q

What is the class of new affluent workers

A

A young class group which is socially and culturally active with middling levels of economic capital

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67
Q

What is the traditional working class

A

Not completely deprived but scores low on all capital
Reasonably high house values
Oldest average age of 66

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68
Q

What are emergent service workers

A

A new young urban group which is relatively poor but has high social and cultural capital

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69
Q

What are the precariats

A

The poorest most deprived class, scoring low for social and cultural capital

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70
Q

What are characteristics of Scott’s upper class

A

Ascribed status
Economic/social/cultural capital
Social closure
Privileged and common education
Old boy network

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71
Q

What are characteristics of Scott’s middle class

A

Associated with professions such as doctors, teachers and white collar jobs
Own houses in desirable places
Focus on consumerism
High level of educational achievement

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72
Q

What are characteristics of Scott’s working class

A

Jobs based in manual and unskilled labour
Traditional gender roles
Community is strong with sense of unity
Immediate gratification

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73
Q

What are characteristics of giddens super rich

A

Jet set pop aristocracy
Achieved status
Economic/social capital
Entrepreneurial rich

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74
Q

What are characteristics of giddens new middle class

A

Fragmented
New manual occupations have become more middle class
More social mobility
Focus on consumerism High level

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75
Q

What are characteristics of giddens new working class

A

Lives more private
Employment based on service sector and flexible occupations
Shared responsibility in home
Increasing influence

76
Q

What is sex

A

Refers to the biological differences between males and females
e.g.
genitals/stature.

77
Q

What is gender

A

Refers to the cultural classification of people as masculine or feminine. Society set down expectations of how each gender is encouraged to think, feel and act

78
Q

What is hegemonic femininity

A

The dominant/traditional style of femininity with characteristics about being passive, subordinate and quiet

79
Q

What is hegemonic masculinity

A

The dominant/traditional style of masculinity which stresses toughness, aggression and being the breadwinner

80
Q

What is femininity as a whole

A

Characteristics associated with being a woman which has an effect on female behaviour - they can change

81
Q

What is masculinity as a whole

A

Characteristics associated with being a man which has an effect on masculine behaviour - they can be changed

82
Q

What is biological determinism

A

When something is defined by biology. It is natural and a product of genetics

83
Q

What is social constructionism

A

When something is defined by society - built by social processes rather than being natural

84
Q

What is the instrumental role

A

Men as breadwinner and provider

85
Q

What is the expressive role

A

Women as a caregiver, looking after the home and children

86
Q

Who studied the family and hegemonic femininity

A

Oakley

87
Q

Who studied the peer groups, family and hegemonic femininity

A

McRobbie
Lincoln

88
Q

Who studied the media and hegemonic femininity

A

Nakuamura
Billington
Ferguson

89
Q

Who studied the education system and hegemonic femininity

A

Skelton
Kelly
Colley

90
Q

Who studied the workplace and hegemonic femininity

A

Adkins

91
Q

What did Oakley find for how family socialises girls into hegemonic femininity

A

Manipulation - encouraging or discouraging gender appropriate behaviour
Canalisation - parents directing children’s interest into certain toys and play
Verbal appellations - parents using stereotypical gender based descriptions
Differential activities - daughters are expected to do housework and males are expected to do laborious roles

92
Q

What did McRobbie find for how family socialises girls into hegemonic femininity

A

Boys and girls are treated differently by parents
Boys given more freedom and spent time out of the house but girls were “protected” and stayed home
This led to bedroom culture as girls hid in their rooms to avoid harassment and humiliation from boys

93
Q

What did Lincoln find for how family and peer groups socialises girls into hegemonic femininity

A

Bedroom culture still existed in 1990s with the bedroom being reserved for female friendships
However due to the internet becoming more prominent, they were more likely to allow males into their rooms

94
Q

What did Billington find for how media socialises girls into hegemonic femininity

A

Masculinity is presented as dominant
Femininity is presented as subordinate

95
Q

What did Nakuamura find for how media socialises girls into hegemonic femininity

A

Although women are stereotyped in the media, they turn to it as a forum of support when facing discrimination and inequality

96
Q

What did Ferguson find for how media socialises girls into hegemonic femininity

A

She conducted a content analysis of female magazines and counted how many times certain topics were covered
Women’s magazines were based around a cult of femininity - excellence is achieved through caring for others, family, marriage and appearance

97
Q

What did Skelton find for how education system socialises girls into hegemonic femininity

A

The hidden curriculum
Teachers may persuade students that some subjects are more suitable for either sex
Students may have preconceived opinions due to lack of role models for certain subjects

98
Q

What did Kelly find for how education system socialises into hegemonic identity

A

Science is seen as a male subject due to textbooks only containing images of boys and things that would interest them
Boys dominate science classrooms by shouting out and grabbing equipment first

99
Q

What did Colley find for how education system socialises girls into hegemonic femininity

A

1) Perception of the gender roles = Whether pupils choose typically masculine and feminine subjects depends on the extent to which they
have been socialised into typically masculine or feminine identity.
2) Subject preferences = Males and females choose subjects based on their perception of the type of tasks and activities required in the
subject. For example, it is argued that girls are put off IT due to dominance of independent work on based on computers and attracted to Sociology due to the fact that it is seen to incorporate more opportunities for talking and discussion.
3) Learning environment = Subject choices are also influenced by whether or not the school is single sex or mixed sex.

100
Q

What did Adkins find for how workplace socialises into hegemonic identity

A

Males and females experienced horizontal and vertical segregation

101
Q

What is horizontal segregation

A

Where the workforce of a specific industry or sector is mostly made up of one particular gender

102
Q

What is vertical segregation

A

Opportunities for career progression for a particular gender within a company or sector are limited. This can lead to gender-related inequalities like the gender pay gap

103
Q

Who studied the education system and hegemonic masculinity

A

Mitsos & Browne
Willis
Kelly

104
Q

Who studied the workplace and hegemonic masculinity

A

Willis
Mac an Ghaill

105
Q

Who studied the media and hegemonic masculinity

A

Easthorpe

106
Q

Who studied the media and hegemonic masculinity

A

Easthorpe

107
Q

What did Mitsos and Browne find about hegemonic masculinity and the education system

A

Teachers tend to be less strict with boys, allowing them to underachieve
Teachers label boys as disruptive, causing them to form a culture of masculinity which does not value educational achievement, hindering their ability

108
Q

What did Mitsos and Browne find about hegemonic masculinity and the education system

A

Teachers tend to be less strict with boys, allowing them to underachieve
Teachers label boys as disruptive, causing them to form a culture of masculinity which does not value educational achievement, hindering their ability

109
Q

What did Willis find about hegemonic masculinity and the education system

A

The lads knew they would end up in manual labour jobs and so formed anti-school cultures and didn’t value education
Their subculture matched that of the men working in facotries on the shop floor which distracted the. From the boredom and monotony of work

110
Q

What did Mac an Ghaill find about hegemonic masculinity and the workplace

A

Working class men face a “crisis of masculinity” as they have lost traditional jobs due to deindustrialisation and are unprepared for other jobs as the workplace became more feminised

111
Q

What did Easthorpe find about hegemonic masculinity and the media

A

Hollywood and computer games portray men as being strong, aggressive, competitive and violent
Because these characteristics are biologically determined, boys had a goal to be this way

112
Q

What do post modernists argue about changing identities

A

There are a range of feminine and masculine identities available which are a mix of both traditional and non traditional
Transgender movement is growing as parents raise children with no clear gender identity

113
Q

Who studied the new range of acceptable masculine identities

A

Connell

114
Q

Who studied how the media/peers socialise boys into a changing masculine identity

A

Sewell

115
Q

Who studied how the media socialises boys into hegemonic masculinity

A

Nixon & Mort

116
Q

What were the four new forms of masculinity that Connell came up with

A

Hegemonic - traditional/dominant forms
Complicit - men who believe men and women should share roles within the family
Subordinate - masculinities which are less powerful and carry lower status
Marginalised - held by men who did traditionally masculine jobs and feel their masculinity is threatened now

117
Q

What did Sewell find for how media/peers socialise boys into a changing masculine identity

A

A new hyper-masculinity that is displayed my black Caribbean males who adopt an exaggerated version of hegemonic traditional masculinities
This is due to their lack of positive black, make role models

118
Q

What did Nixon find for how media socialises into changing masculine identities

A

The origins of the new man roots back to the 1985 Levi’s advert
Advert presented the notion that it could now be cool for men to spend their time, money and effort on appearance

119
Q

What did mort find for how media socialises into a changing masculine identity

A

Consumption patterns changed due to how men were portrayed
Rise in magazines so consumption changed based off of what was advertised
Men were sexualised for the first time in Laydrette video

120
Q

Who studied how media socialises girls into a changing feminine identity

A

Lincoln

121
Q

Who studied how education system socialises girls into a changing feminine identity

A

Sharpe

122
Q

Who studied how media/peers socialises girls into a changing feminine identity

A

Jackson

123
Q

What did Jackson find about changing feminine identities and the media and peer groups

A

Women started to adopt masculine traits such as swearing, fighting, drinking and being loud
Created a double standards
Formed the ladettes
Negative media portrayals of ladettes

124
Q

What is race?

A

Perceived biological or physical differences between groups for example skin colour

125
Q

What is ethnicity?

A

Cultural differences between groups based on aspects such as religion, language country of origin, customs norms values, food dress and music

126
Q

Why is race an outdated contact?

A

Early scientist attempted to classify humans into types
Has been used justified domination and abuse of one ethnic group by another but genetic differences are only small

127
Q

How has the modern English language in itself become racist?

A

Black is used to describe things that are unpleasant

128
Q

What does ethnicity mean? And why is it a more useful concept than race?

A

Being a part of a group of people who share a culture that consists of particular traditions and beliefs. More contemporary more sociological.

129
Q

What is cultural simulation?

A

Immigrant groups becoming so established in Britain that is difficult to recognise that they were ever non-British

130
Q

What is an ethnic group?

A

A group to share the same cultural background

131
Q

What is an ethnic minority group?

A

A group you share the same cultural background, but which is different to that of the majority culture in the country where they reside

132
Q

What is nationality?

A

It refers to your country origin or the country where you are legally entitled to reside for example British. This also gives you rights in that country such as a vote or have a passport.

133
Q

What is an immigrant?

A

Someone who has moved from their country to permanently reside in another

134
Q

What is an asylum seeker?

A

Someone who seeks refuge in another country for a temporary period if it is too dangerous for them to be in their own country for example due to war or religious persecution

135
Q

What is an illegal immigrant?

A

Someone who is not legally entitled to live in a country for example they may have entered the country illegally or simply outstayed their Visa

136
Q

What is racism?

A

Negative attitude or behaviours towards a personal group due to their racial or ethnic background

137
Q

What is institutional racism?

A

When the way an organisation operates for example its policies and practices have the unconscious effective discriminating against in a disadvantage in certain ethnic groups

138
Q

What is a assimilation?

A

When an ethnic minority group become absorbed in the culture of the ethnic majority and adopt common or shared norms and values and drop their own

139
Q

What is integration?

A

When ethnic minorities become a part of the majority culture in adopt their norms values and cultural practices. This has led to multiculturalism

140
Q

What is cultural/ethnic resistance?

A

The ethnic minority group unite together and strengthen their own ethnic identities as a way of fighting/resisting the racism they faced from the ethnic majority

141
Q

Who studied how the family and peer group socialise first generation immigrants into traditional ethnic identity?

A

Cash ore & Troyna, Hebdige

142
Q

Who studied how the family and religion socialise individual traditional ethnic identities through passing on traditional norms and values?

A

Ghuman, Anwar, Butker

143
Q

Who studied how the education system socialise individuals into traditional ethnic identities?

A

Driver &Ballard, Archer & Francis, Coard, Gillborn

144
Q

Who studied how the media socialised individuals into a traditional ethnic identity?

A

Alexander, Hall, Sewell

145
Q

What did Cashmore & Troyna find about the peer group and family socialising into traditional ethnic identities

A

Immigrant groups faced open hostility and discrimination in the labour market housing and education
They responded by finding ways in which their ethnicity could be reassured
They turned inwards for support within the community
Black immigrants experience racism which unified their culture and identity
Racism regarded all different black ethnic groups is the same

146
Q

What did Hebdige find regarding the family and peer group socialising first generation immigrants into a traditional ethnic identity?

A

They resisted mainstream/dominant culture
Riots and street fighting could be seen as evidence of this
Rastafarianism is a resistance to racism

147
Q

What is cultural hybridity?

A

Refers to the mixing of two or more cultures together to create a new culture and identity. This occurred in the UK due to immigration and the integration of some ethnic groups within the host community.

148
Q

What is multiculturalism?

A

The idea that UK society is now made up of a variety of different ethnic groups and cultures who will mix together. Barker argues that multicultural society acknowledges and welcomes the presence of a range of different groups.

149
Q

What is cultural homogenisation?

A

The spread of one global culture-generally based on the western advertising/consumerism/pop culture. This is a productive globalisation.

150
Q

What is cultural diversity?

A

It describes the variety of different cultures in the UK who live in separate communities. Cultural diversity can be based around ethnicity, sexuality or moral principles.

151
Q

How did Ghuman find that the family socialises individuals into traditional ethnic identity through passing on traditional norms and values?

A

He suggested the Asian parents socialise their children into a particular set of values which are slightly different to those of the British culture. Children are brought up to be obedient, loyal and respectful of their elders.
Parents thought that they should choose marriage partners and they taught their children about the problems with premarital sex and love marriages. Children were often taught their mother’s language as well as English.

152
Q

How did Anwar find that the family socialise is individuals into traditional ethnic identity through passing on traditional norms and values?

A

He explains that the family can be a source of conflict for some Asian children particularly around the issues of Western clothes, arrange marriage and freedom
The younger generation mixed with others at school who hold different cultural values to them and this influences their identities. This can cause arguments when a culture clashes created-honour and reputation are extremely important to their parents.
Girls tend to be given less freedom and expected to conform to the traditional roles of becoming wives and mothers.

153
Q

What did Butler find regarding ethnicity?

A

Second generation Muslims experienced tensions between British and Asian and culture which can strongly influence their attitudes towards their religion
the family put pressure on the control of women and girls as it is believed that their whole feature of their community rests with them
For these girls being Pakistani or Bangladeshi wasn’t important, but they defined their ethnicity and identity as Muslim
These Asian girls blame their Asian identity/cultural norms and values for the focus on traditional values. These cultural values controlled the girls and placed them within the home. They felt this was not due to the teachings of Islam which was their key source of identity?

154
Q

What did Anwar find about ethnicity

A

Second generation Muslims experience tensions between British and Asian culture which can strongly influence their attitudes towards their religion and the values of their community as a whole

155
Q

What did Watson find about ethnicity

A

A generation gap is emerging between Muslims and Britain

156
Q

What did Joly find about ethnicity

A

Emphasis is placed on the control of women and girls as it is believe that the whole future of their community rests with them (they will be the ones transmit Muslim value used to the following generations as mothers)

157
Q

What did Shaw find about ethnicity

A

Muslim women in Britain are likely to experience a great degree of conflict with traditional culture because their role confined them to the family home and they are denied freedom

158
Q

How did driver and Ballard find that the education system socialises individuals into a traditional ethnic identity?

A

They argue the Asian families place a great value on their children’s education. They post their children have high ambitions to gain the best possible grades. This is reflected in the achievements of Indian people who do better than black-and-white groups on average GCSE and this may lead them into a certain type of care.

159
Q

How did archer and Francis find that the education system socialise individuals into traditional ethnic identity?

A

Cultural factors are important to explain explaining the success of British and Chinese students
Education educational success is a part of their identity
When boys engage in Laddish behaviour they still maintain a commitment to school
Parents also took a stronger role and developing their academic success as they continually talk to their children about their future education and invested time and money and supporting their children even when they had little money to spare
parents were happy to push their children and were critical of white British parents who was seen as allowing failure to develop

160
Q

How did Coard find that education system socialises individuals into a traditional ethnic identity?

A

Yogis that the curriculum which has taught in most British schools is ethnocentric which means they focus on one particular culture which is British culture. This is evidence through the holidays which are given, the festivals which are celebrated and the focus of some subjects. For example, example history lessons cover British history in English literature looks at British novels.

161
Q

How did Gillborn find that the education system socialises individuals into a traditional ethnic identity?

A

He argues that black males are seen as a threat and disruptive by teachers. They negatively stereotype and label them. They are less likely to be entered for high GCSE papers. This can lead to the self-fulfilling property.

162
Q

How did Alexander find that the media socialisers individuals into a traditional ethnic identity?

A

Alexander study found the Asian nudes in East London were fairly targeted by police and the media. The meth of the Asian gang was created by the media reported violent clashes between black and Asian gangs, creating a mud panic. These clashes were exaggerated in Alexander argues the Asian boys were criminal as a result of Islamophobia.

163
Q

How did hall find that the media socialise is individuals into traditional ethnic identity

A

The white eyes states that traditionally films portrayed black people in one of three ways: natives, entertainers or slaves. The white timing means we see the representation of ethnic minorities in a way that White director and present them, not true reflection. But also seen more positively in TV, music and films now.

164
Q

How did Moghissi find that the media socialises individuals into a traditional ethnic identity?

A

She states that Muslims are huddled together in the media. she found that since 911 a moral panic has been created surrounding Islam-women are presented as victims of honour killings and males is terrorists

165
Q

How did Sewell find that the media socialises individuals into a traditional ethnic identity?

A

He claims that young black Afro Caribbean males follow the hyper masculine role models often shown in rap music videos on MTV. This helps them to create a gangster identity where they achieve status amongst their pay group for wearing the right designer clothes and trainers, through being aggressive and through not working hard at school.

166
Q

Who studied how the peer group helps individuals create a hybrid identity?

A

Back, Gill

167
Q

Who studied how the peer group and family helps individuals create a hybrid identity?

A

Burdsey

168
Q

Who studied how the media helps individuals create a hybrid identity?

A

Nayak

169
Q

How did les back find that the peer group helps individuals create a hybrid identity

A

He studied young people in a housing estate in South London. He found that white, black and Asian Utes were all friends. They spoke the same slang was similar clothes and we’re interested in the same music stars. He claimed this was evidence of new hybrid identities and that these youths were trying out new cultural masks.

170
Q

How did Gill find that the pair group helps individuals create a hybrid identity?

A

He studied British Asian student and identified a number of them as Blasian meaning they adopted black cultural styles and combine them with that Asian culture

171
Q

How did Burdsey find that the pair group and family helps individuals create a hybrid identity?

A

Second and third generation British Asians switched between white and Asian identities which was called code switching. They were white masks with their pears but were Asian with their families.
They were conflicted between Laddish behaviour and Asian identity
Asian footballers who succeeded often had jewel identities they are adopted white masks with their football teammate

172
Q

How did Nayak find that the media helps individuals create a hybrid identity

A

Young white working class males adopted the styles and languages of black culture and were titled white wannabe

173
Q

What is code switching?

A

The way in which some ethnic groups behave differently with family and with their peers

174
Q

What are cultural comfort zones?

A

Attorney used to describe the way some ethnic minorities for repair groups with those from the same ethnic background as this makes them feel more comfortable

175
Q

What is an ethnocentric curriculum?

A

A curriculum based around dominant culture for example in the UK the school curriculum is based around white British history, literature, politics

176
Q

What is hyper masculinity?

A

Term used to describe the identities of black males who follow role models from rap videos

177
Q

What is a Blasian identity

A

In the UK this refers to to young Asians who adopt black ethnic identities

178
Q

What does Brasian mean

A

British Asians, who combine British and Asian identities together

179
Q

What are dual identities?

A

Ones which have more than one ethnic identity for example British and Asian

180
Q

What is cultural borrowing?

A

The mix sharing of different styles and cultures for example, white and Asians listening to rap music

181
Q

What is a cultural mask?

A

Young people adopt or try out new ethnic identities, different their own

182
Q

Who focuses on how the family socialises children/young people in a traditional age identity

A

Parsons

183
Q

Who focuses on how the family socialises children/young people in a traditional age identity

A

Parsons

184
Q

Who focuses on how the media socialises children/young people in a traditional age identity

A

Griffin/Heintz-Knowles

185
Q

Who focuses on how the peer group socialises children/young people in a traditional age identity

A

McRobbie/Sewell

186
Q

Who focuses on how the education system socialises children/young people in a traditional age identity

A

Sewell/Willis

Sociology (6 decks)

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