Media representation Flashcards
1
Q
What did Van Dijk study to do with ethnic minority groups
A
Completed longitudinal research and a content analysis relating to the representation of ethnicities in the media.
2
Q
What did van dijk find regarding ethnicities in the media
A
They were presented in a stereotypes way. Portrayed as criminals, abnormal, a threat, dependent and unimportant
3
Q
How does the word criminal represent how black people are portrayed in the media
A
The word black is often used in negative descriptions of criminals but white is not used in the same way
4
Q
How are ethnic minorities presented as abnormal
A
Cultural practices are often presented as abnormal in documentaries or soaps. Blanket terminology is used to describe cultural practices which leads to an oversimplification of them
5
Q
How are ethnic minorities presented as a threat
A
Tabloids present immigrants and asylum seekers as taking scarce jobs and resources and being a drain to the state
6
Q
How are ethnic minorities presented as dependent
A
Less developed countries were described as “coup-war-famine-syndrome” with little discussion of their exploitation by western countries
7
Q
How are ethnic minorities presented as unimportant
A
News coverage is mainly on issues that involve and impacts write people unless portraying ethnic minorities in a negative light
8
Q
What did malik find regarding ethnic minority groups and the media
A
Majority of white British people found that broadcasters were reflecting multicultural Britain to a satisfactory level however other ethnic groups believe it was done poorly. Broadcasters are guilty of tokenism and stereotyping
9
Q
What is tokenism
A
Making a symbolic effort to be inclusive of members of minority groups especially by recruiting a small group of people from underrepresented groups in order to give the appearance of racial equality
10
Q
What did barker find regarding ethnic minority groups and the media
A
Eastenders was heavily criticised for stereotyping of ethnic minority groups. Asian and black characters were given roles such as doctors or shop keepers. The producers still have a long way to go to overcome the latent racism of the programme
11
Q
What did husband and Hartmann find regarding ethnic minorities
A
The media sees foreigners as inferior. Ethnic minorities are often portrayed in a negative way
12
Q
What did hall say about ethnic minorities
A
The white eye - films portray black people as natives, slaves or entertainers. The media representation is from the perspective of the white directors
13
Q
What did Moghissi say about ethnic minorities
A
Muslims stay huddled together since 7/7 and 9/11 as a moral panic had been created surrounding Islam. Women are presented as victims of honour killings and men as terrorists
14
Q
What did Children Now find about ethnic minorities
A
They are steeped in video games. 86% of heroes are white and 8/10 of sports characters were black. Block women were also presented as victims
15
Q
What did Malik find regarding how representation of ethnic minority groups is changing
A
There is a shift in how they are presented through new alternative forms of media
16
Q
What did barker find about changing representation of ethnic minorities
A
The storylines are changing to present them differently. There are now a range of Asian and black characters. Ethnic minority characters hold more significant roles and have more meaningful stories
17
Q
What did hall find about how representation of ethnic minorities is changing
A
There has been a shift from overt to inferential racism
18
Q
What is overt racism
A
Directly and consciously showing a negative attitude towards a group of people (open racism)
19
Q
What is inferential racism
A
An assumption about a group of people created by media which people see as normal (indirect racism)
20
Q
What did Tunstall find about negative representations of women in the media
A
Media emphasises women’s domestic, sexual, consumer and marital activities
Media ignores the fact that most British women go out to work
21
Q
What did Tuchman find about negative media representations of women
A
Narrow range of roles for women has led to symbolic annihilation in the media
Concept refers to mass media omits, trivialises or condemns certain groups that are not socially valued (women)
22
Q
What did Ferguson find about how women’s sexuality is are negatively presented in the media
A
Women’s magazines were based around a cult of femininity
Excellence is achieved through caring for others, family, marriage and appearance
23
Q
What did Glascock find about negative representations of gender in the media
A
Males are more physically aggressive
Women are more verbally aggressive
Males predominate behind the camera also
24
Q
What did Katz find about negative representations of men in the media
A
Male violence is rooted in the media inability to move away from stereotypical versions of what it means to be a man
Young men receive messages from media about violence, sexism and homophobic ways of thinking
25
What did Katz find about negative representations of men in the media
Male violence is rooted in the media inability to move away from stereotypical versions of what it means to be a man
Young men receive messages from media about violence, sexism and homophobic ways of thinking
26
What did Easthorpe find about negative representations of masculinity in the media
Hollywood films and computer games transmit the view that masculinity is based on strength, aggression, competition and violence as it is biologically determined
27
What did Gauntlett find about negative representations of of masculinity in the media
Many magazines are aimed at male audiences that continue to sexually objectify women and present images of traditionally masculine men
They represent retributive masculinity - reaffirm masculine authority by glorifying what is conventionally male
28
29
What did Gill find about changing media representations of women
There is a shift in advertising representations of women in recent years
They are now depicted as active, independent and sexually powerful
Instead of being presented as passive Dom or intelligent sex objects, women and now presented as active beautiful smart powerful sex subjects
30
What did Westwood find about how media representations of women are changing
Female roles have now gone beyond gendered expectations with the new transgressive female roles
Transgressive refers the idea that females now presented in a way that means they’re breaking traditional social and moral constraints
Women are now empowered
31
What did Glascock find about how representations of women in the media is changing
Women are more transgressive and there is now a range of femininity portrayed in the media such as independent women
32
What did Gauntlett find about how representations of women are changing in the media
Media now provides alternative gendered image and ideas
Younger audiences are more open to females as well as male leads but appearance is still important for women
Female characters have become more tough
Magazines emphasised women should do their own things and be themselves
33
What did Gauntlett find about representations of women are changing in the media
From the mid 1990s, there was a shift from traditional gender roles
Male and female representations have become more equal
34
What did Easthorpe find about how media representations of males are changing
1980s saw an emergence of new magazines aimed at men
These consisted of men being emotionally vulnerable, being more in touch with emotions, treating women as equal, caring about appearance and being a father is an experience worth having
35
What did whannel find about changing representations of men in the media
The presentations of David Beckham are contradictory and supports the changing representation
Meterosexual - emotional commitment to the family and spends money and effort on their image
36
What did Nairn find about media representations of traditional upper class
After World War II, the monarchy developed close ties with the media industry to reinvent the royal family
Since then, they’ve been represented as a family that are locos but not like us and the narrative of their lives is presented as a soap opera
37
What did Marxists believe about media representations of traditional upper-class?
Media are owned and controlled by the upper class and therefore control how they represent represented
Scott believed that the upper class exercise social closure
Upper-class identities are often not shown in the media to maintain their boundary between them and other classes
38
What did Owen Jones say about the media representation of middle class?
He described the media as a closed shop, which means that media representations of the middle class will be positive as they are created by middle class journalists
Newspapers and magazines are targeted towards middle class taste and lifestyles
39
What did Leech find about how middle class are traditionally represented in media?
Middle class lifestyles are presented as the ideal lifestyle in media advertising with the concept of the serial packet family
It describes the image that is sold to us as desirable in the media
40
What did Ehrenreich find about representations of the middle class in media?
Middle class is often presented as knowledgeable about a range of issues and so help working in Class with their problems
Middle class people are representative resourceful, productive culture and helpful towards working class individuals who are less fortunate
41
What did Newman find about? How working classes is traditionally represented in the media?
There are very few films which provide a realistic image of the working classes every day life
Working class people are stereotypes and labelled in an unflattering and pity light
Stories focus on issues such as high unemployment which suggests working class are inadequate
42
What did Dodd and Dodd find about how media represents working class in a traditional way
EastEnders presents the nostalgic view of the traditional notion of working class communities and states that this does not accurately reflect modern day working class culture
43
What did the Glasgow Media Group find about how working class are traditionally presented in media
They portray on reasonable workers is making trouble for reasonable middle class employers
There are awkward tensions and misunderstandings between middle class management and working class employees
Employees are framed as disruptive unnecessary but the bosses actions are rational or reasonable
44
What did Owen Jones find about media representations of traditional working class?
The word chav has become a way of condemning working class culture and people
They are portrayed as bigoted slothful and aggressive
45
What did Baumberg et al find about how media represents under Class?
There is a disproportionate focus on benefit fraud and benefits were often described as undeserving
People who claim benefits were seen as faking illness dependent lazy scrounges and immigrants
The media portrays the working class and underclass is scrounging from the welfare state
46
What did Golding & Middleton find about how the underclass are presented in the media?
There is a moral panics surrounding the underclass
Welfare issues are not discussed unless they are connected to other social issues such as crime fraud or sex
There is a demonisation of the underclass which justifies cuts in welfare state funding
47
What did Price find about how the underclass are traditionally represented in media?
Poverty porn was brought about to describe certain programs
It refers to the media exploiting participants in their lifestyle to shock and entertaining the audiences
Characters are decent and compassionate people captured by an unfair society
48
What did Reiner find about how media representations of upper class are changing?
When people portrayed is having huge amounts of wealth, their success is celebrated
Audiences are encouraged to identify with the culture of consumption of materialism
49
What did Draper find about how representations of the middle class are changing in the media?
It is so diverse in lifestyle, occupation and attitude that they have very little cohesion
Although they defined his middle class, it is difficult to distinguish from their working class counterparts in terms of income status and general life chances
50
What did Devereux find about how representations of working class are changing the media?
There are more positive and realistic poor trails of the working class individuals where they are seen to be happy and deserving poor
Life is not negative when on benefits
51
What did Dodd & Dodd find about how representations of working class are changing in the media?
EastEnders has introduced realism by broaching issues such as drug and alcohol abuse crime attempted suicide, abortion homosexuality in relationship issues
They also portrayed the view of a communal supportive network
52
What did price find about how representations of the underclass are changing?
Certain programs do you have narratives that present characters as decent and compassionate people captured by an unfair society
These empathetic aspects are missed by viewers and political commentators
53
What did Heintz-Knowles find about how childhood is traditionally presented
Children most motivated by peer relationship relationships and romance
Most child characters engage in antisocial behaviour which results in positive outcomes
Minority ethnic groups under represented
Girls are twice slightly as boys to show affection and boys are most likely to be aggressive
54
What did Griffins find about how the youth are traditionally represented
1. Deviant
2. Dysfunctional
3. Suffering a deficit
55
What did Wayne find about how the youth are traditionally represented
82% of stories focused on young people are perpetrators or victims of crime
Ignores stories about how young people are affected by problems in housing, education, health, unemployment, parental abuse and politics
56
What did Women In Journalism find about how youth are traditionally represented
Teenage boys are presented using negative language, criminals
85% of teen boys said newspapers presented them in a bad light but TV portrayed them most fairly
Most teenagers were weary of others
57
What did Kelly find about how youth is traditionally represented
Young people are represented as dangerous, in need of protection and immature
58
What did Cohen find about how youth are traditionally represented
They are depicted as dangerous and deviant
Because of this they have a self fulfilling prophecy
Creates a moral panic
59
What did Landis find about how the elderly are presented traditionally
Depicted as grumpy, feisty, depressed and lonely, busybody’s, mentally deficient, sickly, wise and having a second childhood
60
What did Cuddy & Fiske find about how the elderly are traditionally represented
In the US only 1.5% of characters are elderly
They play minor roles and are usually a form of comedy
Their mental physical and sexual capacities are ineffective
61
What did Milner, Van Norman & Milner find about how the elderly are traditionally represented
Media does not provide a balanced view of aging
To do this they would need to present the challenges of getting old and the positive opportunities such as active aging
62
What did Carrigan & Szmign find about how elderly are traditionally represented
Older people are ignored in advertising
Stereotyped as smelly and incontinent, in need of support and dependent on others
63
What did Postman find about changing representations of childhood
Idea of childhood starts to disappear as children interact more with the media
Children are sexualised
Lack of difference between adults and children in terms of clothing
Youths exposed to adult content
64
What did Osgerby find about changing representations of youths
They reflect wider cultural developments and mirror the spirit of the times
65
What did Lee et al find about how representations of elderly are changing
Old people are underrepresented but 90% of advertisements are positive as they are enjoying their healthy active lifestyles
66
What did Biggs find about how representations of elderly are changing
A larger number of people appear in soap operas
Older people are seen as more active
67
What did Carrigan & Szmigin find about how representations of the elderly are changing
Advertisers target the elderly as consumers due to the grey pound
Increased positive images of aging as more older people have higher disposable income
68
What did Blaikie find about changing representations of the elderly
Attitudes of retirement had broken down
Due to consumer culture the retired are seen as important and are targets with a range of products and services
Grey pound is valued by large corporations who market products in the media
69
What did Marx study and believe
He studied and was critical of capitalist society
There were only two classes - the ruling class and the working class
The relationship between the two classes (based in conflict) shaped society
70
What is the difference between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat
Bourgeoisie - the class that owns the means of production in a capitalist society
Proletariat - the class of a capitalist society that does not have ownership of the means of production and their only means of survival is to sell their labour power for a small wage
71
What did Marx believe about the structure of society
Infrastructure - economic base which is the most important part of society
Superstructure - political, legal and education systems, beliefs and ideas
The infrastructure shapes the superstructure
72
What is mutual dependence
The proletariat need the bourgeoisie in order to get a wage
HOWEVER
The bourgeoisie need the proletariat to make them products that they can sell to make profit
73
What are the beliefs of Marxists
Dominant beliefs and values of the ruling class form a ruling class ideology
A false class consciousness is created amongst the proletariat which prevents people from seeing the reality
Ruling class ideology can only slow the eventual overthrow of capitalism
74
What is exploitation
In a capitalist system, the bourgeoisie exploit the proletariat by paying them low wages for their work so that they can make greater profits
75
What is alienation
The way workers (proletariat) feel when they are doing boring work. They have no creative control over their jobs and are told what to do by their bosses. They are also kept separate from each other in creating their part of the final product
76
What did Marxists believe about the media
Media is part of the superstructure which is influenced and based around the infrastructure
The infrastructure is owned by the bourgeoisie and therefore media is designed in a way that suits them
Superstructure helps the ruling class as it transmits ideologies that the unequal social systems are natural and fair
77
Who studied the fact that Marxists argue ruling class use media to distract the proletariat
Miliband
78
Who studied the fact that Marxists argue media representations are caused by biased reported by bourgeoisie owners
Bagdikian and Curran
79
Who studied the fact that Marxists argue that the bourgeoisie control the media so it cannot be used against them
Doyle
80
What did Miliband find about how the media is used to distract the proletariat from their exploitation
The ruling class use media to control society by creating a false picture of reality that represents capitalism in a positive way
Inequalities are presented as inevitable, justifiable and effective
The media is “the new opium of the people” - it produces an illusion of happiness to distract from exploitation
81
What did Curran find about how media representations are caused by biased reporting by bourgeoisie
Evidence found for owners directly manipulating media content
A lot of conservative supporting newspapers - reflects them serving the interests of wealthy owners
Politicians believe media moguls have a a great deal of control over content because they try and get in the right side of them
82
What did Doyle find about how the bourgeoisie control the media to prevent it being used against them
Examination of ownership and control patterns is important because:
1. All points of view need to be heard if society is to be truly demorcratjc
2. Abuse of power and influence by elites need to be monitored by a free media
Too much concentration of media ownership is dangerous because is has the power to make or break political careers and have influence over public opiniom
83
Who studied how neo Marxists argue media representations are caused by an unconscious bias in reporters
Sutton trust
84
Who studied how neo Marxists argue the media representations are due to moral panics deliberately being created about groups who may threaten bourgeoisie control
Gilroy
85
Who studied how Neomarxists argue that media representations are done in a way to not challenge the dominant ruling class ideology
Hall
86
87
Who studied how neo Marxists would argue the media represents groups in a way that legitimises fiver em eat action against them
Glasgow Media Group
88
What did the Sutton Group find about Neo Marxists and media representations
Most journalists and broadcasters tend to be white, middle class and male and more than 50% have attended private school
They promote ruling class ideologies
Unconsciously produc media that reproduces norms and values of the ruling class
89
What did Gilroy find about Neo Marxists and representations of media
Black crime was a form or political resistance
Denies there was greater criminality among black people than white people
Media creates a folk devil which generates deviancy amplification
90
How did Hall support Gilroys theory regarding Neo Marxists and media
The whites of their eyes - portrayed as natives, slaves and entertainers
Representations of minority ethnic groups reflect unconscious racism and black people are source of problem
Media is on the dominant ideology side
91
What did the Glasgow Media Group find about Neo Marxists and the media
Media presentations are sensationalised and inaccurate and are used to legitimise political action which can have negative consequences on refugees, migrants and those in low social class
92
Who studied how pluralists argue the media representations reflect what customers what to consume
Whale
93
Who studied how pluralists argue the media representations help people get the information they need to take part in democracy
Fourth estate of Democracy
94
Who studied how pluralists argue the media representations help to hold people to account for their behaviour
Williams
95
What do pluralists say about media representations of social groups
The media represents social groups on the way we view them. The media only shows us what we want to see or what we expect to see
96
What did whale say about media representations reflecting what customers want to consume
What we see in the pre and news is determined by no one but the readers and audiences,
If social groups were represented unfairly, audiences would not process the media sold
97
What do feminists want
Equality of the sexes and advocates women’s rights
Agree that patriarchy is the main cause of inequality, meaning society is male dominated
98
Who studied how feminists would argue that media representations of women reflect the views of a male dominated media
Mulvey
99
Who studied how redial feminists argue that media representations of women are used to keep them in a subordinate position in patriarchal society
Wolf
100
Who studied how feminists would argue that media representations of women are caused by a recent backlash against femininity movements
Whelehan
101
Who studied how feminists would argue that media representations reflect stereotypical and western ideals of femininity and beauty
McRobbie
102
What did Mulvey find about a male dominated media industry and patriarchal society
The male gaze - cinema was an instrument of male spectatorship
Eg. Transformers (models instead of actors), Disney (princesses aesthetically pleasing)
103
What did Wolf find about radical feminists believing media keeps women in subordinate positions
Women are socialised to conform to the “beauty myth” in terms of sex appeal, shape, size and weight
Media takes these images and presents them as ideal
Ideologies causes women to develop a false consciousness, distracting them from improving their position in society
104
What did Whelehan find about media representations of women being caused by backlash against feminists
Magazines such ass Nuts and Zoo promote a laddish culture where women are objectified and changes in gender roles can be dismissed as an ironic joke
105
What did McRobbie find about stereotypical western ideals of femininity and beauty in the media
Generally, magazines do have an impact on the identity of readers due to a discourse of western enlightened values
There is a distinct focus on fashion, lifestyle, love and beauty which promotes hegemonic femininity
106
What are the general beliefs of feminists
Men have more power than women and society is patriarchal
Men have most important positions in society
Women are oppressed
There are different types of feminists based on their specific beliefs
107
What are the general beliefs of feminists
They describe society as it is now
They are interested in the features of society which are new and rapidly changing
108
What is globalisation
The process by which the world has become interconnected socially, politically and economically
109
What is popular culture
Activities that can be accessed by the masses through the media
110
What is multiculturalism
Societies are now made up of a variety of different ethnic groups and cultures who mix together
111
What is consumer culture
Related to what we buy and consume in society
People portray a sense of identity through what they buy or wear
112
What is the super rich
People who have achieved their wealth through hard work and merit
113
What is the new working class
Labour market has changed to a service sector economy
Solidarity has weakened
114
What is global culture
Expansions of global organisations, corporations, celebrities and norms
115
What is hybridity
Mixing of two or more different ethnic identities to form a new culture
116
What is individualisation
Notion that some people are more focused on their own needs rather than that of society
117
What is a risk society
