Socialisation, Culture and Identity Flashcards
Types of culture: popular
-mass culture:majority
-product of the mass media undertaking shallow activities (pop music,reality tv,social media)
-seem as inferior
-ruling classes use pop culture to encourage masses to passively and uncritically accept the status quo
-strinati suggest popular culture has saturated society.
Types of culture:consumer
-people buy designer or goods to construct an identity and gain status
-shopping is a leisure activity
-SM used to share consumption habits
-credit card debt seen as normal
-Young argues we live in a bulimic society constant pressure to consume
Types of culture: High
-Refers to products and practices that are intellectually and aesthetically superior
-opera,ballet,horses,hunting
-elite upper class society
-Bordieu argued high culture occupies the superior position because capitalist class can use its economic and political power to impose.
Types of culture: Global
-shared and followed around the world
-led to world becoming interconnected socially (travel, media, internet) economically (stock markets, multinational corporations) and politically (EU,USA)
-Global village (McLuhan)
-global is actually just western and American culture.
Primary socialisation: family, functionalist perspective
-PARSONS believes females are the expressive leader who’s responsible for nurturing and socialisation
-parents and grandparents transmit dominant cultural values and norms that children learn
-family is a PERSONALITY FACTORY parents produce children with identities and social qualities that fit social expectations.
Primary socialisation: family, New Right perspective
-argue that socialisation in society is becoming less effective as in the increase of divorce rates and absence of fathers.
-suggests that the existence of social problems e.g child abuse or drugs is evidence that some families damage children.
Primary socialisation: family, Marxist perspective
-ZARETSKY believes the function of socialisation is to in-still capitalist values such as obedience for authority
-makes it so people can be exploited and grow up accepting inequality and hierarchy
Primary socialisation: family, feminist perspective
-OAKLY believes parents are role models so encourage kids to imitate behaviour like work ethic and gender roles.
-They channel (canalisation) and manipulate their children into toys considered the norm for their gender.
Primary socialisation: family, postmodernist perspective
-SEIDLER believes girls from Asian backround adopt double identities and rejecting activities they are channeled towards outside their houses.
Primary socialisation: family, interactionist perspective
-Parents learn from children two way process
-socialisation is experienced differently because of the influence of social class ethnicity etc.
Secondary socialisation: formal curriculum
DURKHEIM
-refers to academic subjects taught in schools
-tested through exams, rewarded with qualifications
-Durkheim value the formal curriculum as it links the individual to the past creating pride in our nation
-promotes achievement, competition
Secondary socialisation: hidden curriculum (Bowels & Gintis and Althusser)
-ways in which routines and organisations of schools classrooms and teaching, shape pupils attitudes behaviour to produce conformity.
-teaches unrealistic norms and values to create social order.
-Marxists believe it’s an ideological function that benefits ruling class creates social order e.g respect for authority.
-furthermore makes working class pupils blame themselves for their failure and accept their place.
Secondary socialisation: Ethnocentric curriculum sewell
-concept of cultural comfort zones
-leads to minority ethnic groups feeling rejected by educational system.
-schools focus on Christian holidays, uniform not allowing cultural variations.
Secondary socialisation: subject choices (Francis & Willis)
FRANCIS
-Schools reinforce gender stereotypes in subject choices
-girls to expressive subjects boys to instrumental
WILLIS
-boys who are academically successful are often victimised.
-anti subcultures are made with distrustful behaviour acquiring status.
-LEES also researched pressure put on teenage girls by their peers slag used to control sexual behaviour.
Secondary socialisation: workplace (Waddington)
-used the term canteen culture exist when describing a set of norms and values people will be socialised to accept.
-exist in police force involving racist jokes and banter contributes to police stereotyping.
-suzeman observes that work holds society together
-shapes our dignity self worth and identity.
Secondary socialisation: religion (modood and Berthoud)
-found that 67% of Pakistanis and Bangladeshis saw religion as very important compared to 5% of way
-church attendance may be declining and secularisation.
Secondary socialisation: media, virtual babysitter
POSTMAN
-virtual babysitter which children consume more media than previous generations, become digital natives.
-socialised into gender norms from e.g cartoons peppa pig
Secondary socialisation: media, anti social behaviour
-exposure of violet images on the tv, films, computer games which children copy.
-tv blurs the distinction between childhood and adulthood because children are exposed to info about sex money violence and death.
Secondary socialisation: media, stereotypes
-stereotype ethnic minorities negatively.
-young black ethnic minorities as aggressive and a threat to society.
-institutionally racist policing.
Secondary socialisation: media, consumer culture
YOUNG
-individuals buy products based on celeb endorsements or association with a particular lifestyle.
-bulimic society
-culture of envy encourages those from deprived backgrounds to obtain material goods.
Social control: government
FORMAL
-laws which govern and regulate behaviour
-introduce laws that must be followed e.g equality act unlawful to discriminate.
Social control: police and criminal justice system
FORMAL
-police enforce laws
-majority consent because it protects them
-police stop people ask questions arrest
-court choose punishments
Social control: military
FORMAL
-act as a formal agent of social control acting as a policing power in times of emergency and war
Social control: education
INFORMAL AND FORMAL
-schools can not operate in an orderly way unless pupils abide by rules linked to behaviour and uniform.
-formal negative sanctions like detentions, suspension and permanent exclusions.
-praise good grades merit badges school prizes.
Secondary socialisation: workplace
FORMAL AND INFORMAL
-source of formal control have formal rules that employees must follow such as punctuality and dress code if not followed can be dismissed and fined.
-can be informal as impressive performances in the workplace may be rewarded.
Secondary socialisation: peers
INFORMAL
-plays a role in teaching kids norms, values and expectations of a society.
-express pride love and reward
-impose sanctions grounding, no technology.
Secondary socialisation: Peers
INFORMAL
-more important as we get older
-during teen years interaction with peers allows us to experiment with the norms and values of mainstream culture.
-peer group pressure is a key factor in influencing the norms and values of young people.
Secondary socialisation: media
INFORMAL
-report deviance
-outrage is expressed about crimes committed which reinforces the expected norms of society.
-inform us about what happens to individuals and groups who break accepted norms and laws likely to be punished
-criticise weight whilst lol praising individuals for their bravery and or charity work
Secondary socialisation: religion
INFORMAL
-some have strong influence
-people use the eternal reward for heaven and hell to keep their followers in line
-religious beliefs such a Ten Commandments encourage people to conform socially.
Nature: genetics
-behaviour determined by genetic make up premeditated and innate. Also coincides in how we inherit some social behaviour traits and characteristics from our parents intelligence, personality etc
-sociobiologists believe female and males have biologically determined predisposition die to hormonal differences
-men more sexual whereas women maternal and loyal
Nature: experiments
Bruce’s penis was destroyed during circumcision, grew up a girl but hated girly stiff more boyish tried to take his life and found out the truth became David
Nature: twin studies
-Twins share some traits even when separated share same traits
-twins Oscar and Jack. Oscar bought up on Germany catholic faith jack grew up in Caribbean, Jewish faith. Had same liked and dislikes and same mannerisms.
Nurture: Genie Wiley
-trapped, isolated, neglected, abused.
-strapped to a potty at 13 years old fed food on occasion.
-Genie was a blank slate or learning, challenging interested parties to determine whether nurture or nature determined learning.
Nurture: Mead studying tribes
Arapesh tribe- both males and females were gentle and cooperative in contrast
Mundugmor tribe- were violent and aggressive
Chambri- males and females different to each other roles were opposite to those expected in the us and uk women dominant and aggressive and not involved in child bearing but men are timid and emotionally dependent and spent their time decorating themselves.
Disability: medical model
Shakespeare
-Disability needs to be cured
-focuses on what they can’t do
-creates master status (goffman) where all people see is disability
-leads to victim blaming mentality where disabled Individuals blame themselves for being excluded.
Disability: social model
Shakespeare
-focus on society as helping disabled people to overcome their impairment specifically reducing barriers and improving individuals attitudes
-focuses on the rights to socially include within society.
Disability: media representations
Barnes
-media represents negative way
-seen as in need of something, as victims, as monsters, as super cripples overcoming difficulties
-forms negative stereotypes leads to prejudice about ability
-87% people feel judged
Disability: learned helplessness
Zola
-socialised as inferior
-vocab from discriminatory able bodied society: de-formed, dis-eased, dis-ordered
-D people internalise the idea and leads to self fulfilling prophecy.
Disability: Social attitudes-pity
Gill
-Impairment in a largely able
bodied society leads to reactions of pity, avoidance and awkwardness
-reconciling your identity as a d person with previously held notions about what being disabled means is a common hurdle.
Disability: Legal changes
-Equality act (2010)
-disability protected characteristic and any discrimination is illegal
Disability: positive self identify- media rep
Murugami
-more common in soaps and films e.g wonder
-tv presenters Alex brooker
-tv shows strictly come dancing Rose Ayling-Ellis
-Paralympics and invictus games increases role models and inclusivity allows non disabled people to be informed
-argues a disabled person can construct a positive self identity accepting.
Disability: raising awareness
Scope UK
Organisation committed to achieving a society where all disabled people enjoy equality and fairness.
Age: Giddens key study
First stage:childhood
Second stage:The working years
Third stage: retirement years
Fourth stage: dependant age
Postmodernist believe first stage is less sheltered due to social media and tech and third stage is getting longer due to being healthier immerse themselves in family life and travel abroad
Age: stranger danger
Furedi
Believes parents fear more about road Safety and stranger danger so keep their children inside more. Paranoia is a modern feature and fears are stroked by the media and government over reactions so parents wrap kids up leading to failure to deal with real life.
Age: virtual babysitter
Postman
Children consume more media and become digital natives socialised into gender norms. Young people turn to social media, TV and internet to project to the world.
Age: silver surfers
Berry
Beginning to use digital forms of communication more frequently because they are more affluent today compared to other generations. Have a practical appeal to the elderly online shopping and health applications. Bridge geographic between them and their loved ones. Example is lockdown.
Retirement
Giddens
Believes it is the third age
Releases time for elderly to enjoy new interests, learn new skills, do charity work.
Allows people to continue growing learning and exploring .
Some immerse themselves in family some travel and move longer than ever before.
Age: sandwich generation
Older middle age people especially women who take care of older relatives as well as having some responsibility for looking after adult children who might be living at home.
Nationality👇: globalisation becoming the norm
Sadar
British people know more about other cultures and travel to other countries, live abroad
Everyday life is more shaped through global influences Hall argues more modern national states are more culturally diverse may cause confused sense of identity
Nationality👇: cultural hybridity
Ballard
Societies combine the best of global culture with aspects of localised culture
Brasian- British and Asian
Nationality👇: English identity is elusive
Kumar
The quest to expand Britishness diluted Englishness
Having lost its empire and feeling very small in a global world unsure whether to act more European or American
Englishness was based on historical traditions which are no meaningless
Nationality👆: little Englanders
Denscombe
In the face of economic crisis and increasing immigration English national identity seemed to have strengthened due to perceived source of conflict or oppression.
Little englanders on the Increase people critical of multiculturalism, immigration, equal opportunity policies and the supposed failure of ethnic minority groups to conform to British cultural norms.
Nationality👆:culture resistance
Hall
Some cultures may resist the mass culture that globalisation brings with it as globalisation is a threat to tradition
Many Muslim societies attempt to defend their Islamic way of life by discouraging young people
Nationality👆: political parties
Importance of nationality determining individuals identity has been further highlighted by recent political events
44.7% of Scott’s voted Scotland becoming an independent country and separate from Uk
And UKIP encouraging to ‘make Britain great again’
Upper class
-Defined by wealth
-associated with inter-marriage
-invisibility through social closure education, leisure time, daily lives are separated from rest of population (mackintosh and Mooney)
-activities like hunting polo and opera
Middle class
-associated with professional and managerial careers uno educated and own their own home
-deferred gratification studying and saving will bring future benefits
-diverse group vast array of people with different incomes, attitudes and lifestyles fox says theres lower middle class middle middle class and upper middle class
Working class
-Used to form the majority but after recession, a lack of investment and globalisation the manufacturing industry has declined.
- believe in traditional roles, strong community, located in less desirable places often rented, immediate gratification.
Under class
-Used negatively to describe those on benefits, blamed for their own choices.
-Murray dependency culture
-Coates and silburn suggest children are socialised into feelings of hopelessness less likely to get out of the situation.
Super-rich
-Achieved status rather than ascribed
-eg David beckham Ed
-associated with glamorous lifestyle and conspicuous consumption valuing material goods
-cultural capital distinct difference between upper class and super rich
Social class: Deferred vs immediate gratification
Sugar man
Middle class children encouraged to plan for the future while working class are encouraged to live in the moment middle class more likely to have expendable income and so have to save for less time more likely to save
Social class: Cycle of deprivation
Murray
Welfare system has led to a dependency culture poor are not motivated leading to children being poorly socialised ultimately leading them to be dependant on the state
Social class: Labelling and setting
Keddie
Middle class pupils likely to end up in top sets because people assume their clever whereas working class children end up in bottom set. Evidence suggests sets are taught differently disadvantage for working class children
Social class: Media shaping social class identity
Pakulski and waters
Media is the main thing especially consumption patterns- individuals use of style, brands, and designer labels. Rather than identity being derived from work it has become derived from leisure or consumption.
Social class: Anti school subcultures
Willis
Working class boys reject learning aimed at achieving qualifications because they see education as irrelevant to their futures as factory workers
Cope with boredom of the day by ‘having a laff’
Ethnicity: teacher expectations labelling
Working class boys are hustling as well as being masculine more important than academic achievement this in turn makes teachers label them and be more harsh leading to low expectations and therefore a self fulfilling prophecy.
Ethnicity: cultural comfort zones
Peer groups are vert important in the lives of social minorities to protect against racism acts as a cultural comfort zones shared beliefs and values.
Ethnicity: Media stereotypes
Van Dijk conducted content analysis found that black people categorised into being seen as criminals, seen as a threat and seem as unimportant.
Racial profiling leads to a self fulfilling prophecy internalise these labels which creates moral panic around them
Ethnicity: ethnocentric curriculum
Sewell
Believes curriculum is taught from majority cultural view Brit values compulsory taught said by ofsted causing children to put on a white mask Johal and Bains
Ethnicity: black Atlantic
Gilroy
Found uk black youths adopt aspects of black culture as well as those from the USA forged by music and popular culture based on shared racism and struggle
Sexuality👎: career choice
Ahlstedt
Found majority believed their identity or orientation influences career important to be accepted
In sport males want to be seen as masculine and feel judged whereas females often seem as butch and lesbian.
Sexuality 👎: compulsory heterosexuality
Rich
Argues media bombards us with heterosexual images (love island)
Focuses on women being sexually available to men
Believes women are not necessarily inherently lesbian but they become lesbian to feel free and feel empowerment.
Sexuality👎: negative stigma
Goffman
Not accepted in countries like Russia and even though marriage is legal in England it is not permitted in Church of England
Certain religions don’t accept so Muslims
Sexuality👍: Equality act
2010
Made it unlawful to discriminate against Protected characteristics like sexuality
Taken seriously
Sexuality👍: media profile
Gauntlett
Media more diverse openly gay presenters and artists becoming more common on TV and gay and lesbian soap characters featuring regularly
Growth in lead characters vigil
Raises awareness more positive role models
Sexuality👍: sixth form peer group
McCormack & Anderson
Homophobia is not tolerated and seem as immature
Boys were found to be more accepting allowing them to be more affectionate and tactile with each other
Gender: Gender role socialisation
Parson;oakly
Women have an expressive role natural and men have an instrumental role breadwinner and protector
Believes parents channel (canalisation) and manipulate their children into toys and activities that are considered the norm
Gender: double standards
Lees
Slag was used to control girls’ sexual behaviour yet boys on the other hand were applauded by their peer group for participation in heterosexual acts.
Gender: over sexualised media rep
McRobbie
Slimblondeness considered most attractive and attracted
Mulvey
Male gaze theory
Gender Identity playground
Schools are identity playgrounds where masculine and feminine identities are constructed
Instrumental subjects
Expressive subjects
Gender: gender quake
Wilkinson
Seismic shift in women’s attitudes taken place with girls and young women prioritising their education and career prioritise over family life to gain economic independence
Fem explanation of GI: liberal
Gender role socialisation (oakly)
-children manipulated into gender appropriate behaviour
-reproduces a sexual stratification system in which masc seen as dominant
Genderquake (Wilkinson)
-Seismic change in women’s attitudes
-Willing to prioritise education/career over a family
Liberal criticism
Treats patriarchal stratification as a universal experience ignores impact of ethnicity and social class
Sees children as passive recipients of gender role socialisation gender identities are fluid
Marxist explanation of gender inequality
Reserve army of labour (Benston)
-Hired by capitalist class when the economy is prospering but laid off when recession sets in
Triple shift (Duncombe and Marsden)
-hold down full time jobs, housework, emotional guider
-soak up frustrations in form of domestic violence
Marxist criticisms
-females may interpret their situation as what they want and choose to derive great happiness and satisfaction
-fails to consider recent changes such as genderquake
Radical explanation of gender inequality
Patriarchal terrorism (Johnson)
-violence, sexual aggression and economic subordination against women to control them and maintain dominance
-2 women killed every week
Compulsory heterosexuality (Rich)
-use patriarchy to enforce compulsory heterosexuality as a way of maintaining their control
-controlled through media
Radical criticism
-Portray women as passively accepting their subordinate position but modern young women reject this notion
-dated poorly as fail to account for recent economic and social change
Postmodernist explanation of gender inequalities
Misogyny and gendered cyber hate (Bates; Jane)
-Growing trend of unacceptable sexualised behaviour that has become normalised by society including catcalling and other seemingly casual harassment from comments Andrew Tate
Empowerment (Cochrane;Bates)
-Digital forms of communication eg Twitter given women greater levels of empowerment
-Laura Bates established the movement Everyday sexism project
Functionalism explanation of GI
Instrumental v expressive roles (Parsons)
-men and women have roles based on sociological differences
Men=instrumental
Women=expressive
Women less motivated
Human Capital theory (Rastogi)
-support functionalism views on meritocracy
-sees HC as knowledge, competency, attitude and behaviour embedded in an individual
Functionalism explanation criticisms
-Liberal fem have showed it’s socially constructed and gender roles have changed
-argued the main reason for low pay is systematic disadvantage in acquiring human capital
New right explanation of GI
Advocate return to the nuclear family and traditional gender roles (Murray)
-concerned change in gender roles related to family diversity like lone parent families lead to social problems
New right explanation criticism
-seen as dated ignores increase numbers of people who choose to adopt non traditional roles and report this as a positive experience
Weberianism explanation of GI
Dual market labour theory (Barron and Norris)
-High status primary sector made up of secure well paid jobs low status secondary make up of low paid unskilled part time jobs
Social closure-old boy network (Weber)
-concept describes the exclusion of some people from members of certain status groups as a result of lack of social and business connection
Weberianism explanation criticism
Fails to explain inequalities in the same sector teaching is not a secondary labour market but women are less likely than men to gain higher status
-evidence to show social closure dwindling there’s a significant increase in the number of female politicians and leaders in society Kamala Harris
Postmodernism explanation of GI
Preference theory (Hakim)
-women’s rational choice to prioritise being a mother over a career lack of women in top jobs and their domination in part time jobs does not reflect employer discrimination but rather women’s choice
Postmodernism explanation criticism
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