Inequalities Flashcards
Male Inequalities: Employment
Farrell- Glass Cellar
men dominate 24 out of 25 ranked dangerous jobs
Male Inequalities: Health
Benatar- second sexism
men work dangerous jobs, don’t have custody, conscripted, victims of casual crime
96% of deaths in workplace were male
Male Inequalities: family
Dermott- Intimate Fathers and Gershuny- househusbands
Cant rely on job to give them identity and fulfilment
parents can share 50 weeks of leave and 37 weeks of pay however only 5% of fathers take this scheme.
Male Inequalities: Education
Cohen- Status frustration
44% of men participate in higher education compared to 57% women
Male Inequalities: crime
Pollack- Chivalry Thesis
75% arrests male
Status frustration- cohen
Female Inequalities: Employment
vertical segregation-
males and females dominate different levels of jobs
only 35% of MP’s are female
Female Inequalities: wealth and poverty
Chant- Time Poverty
Men can begin their careers younger and build on them
seven times more likely to be out the labour market due to caring commitments
Female Inequalities: Family and health
Henrietta and Grundy- sandwich generation
seven times more likely to be out of the labour market due to caring commitments
Female Inequalities: Education
Feminists- Hidden curriculum
Gendered subjects leads to horizontal and vertical segregation
23% of a level physics students were female but only 14% did apprenticeships
Female Inequalities: crime
Johnson- Patriarchal terrorism
due to crisis in masculinity
1 in 4 women will experience domestic abuse in their lifetime
Female Inequalities: media
McRobbie and Mulvey- slim blondeness and make gaze
Eating Disorders were identified in 12.5% of 17 to 19 year olds
sociological explanations gender: functionalism (POSITIVE)
parsons- instrumental vs expressive role, based on biological differences
Rastogi- Human capital theory, sees it as knowledge, competency, attitude and behaviour men’s is work orientated but women’s homemakers
Social explanations gender: New Right
Murray- nuclear families and traditional gender roles concerned that change in gender roles leads to lone parent families leading to social problems
Sociological explanations gender: Marxism (BAD)
Engles- Private Property and Ownership
women are controlled by capitalism to ensure private property and wealth could be handed down efficiently. nuclear families oppress women reducing them to a single role.
sociological explanations gender: weberianism
Barron and Norris- Dual Labour Market Theory
Weber- Social Closure and old boy netowrk
sociological explanation gender: postmodernism
Hakim- Preference theory
Believes its women’s rational choice to choose being a mother
lack of women in top jobs and their domination of part time work do not reflect worker discrimination
Ethnic Inequalities: workplace
Barron and Norris- Dual Labour Market Theory
Castles and Koscack- Reserve army of Labour
unemployment for white people 3% but 6% for people from BAME
Only 10% of MP’s are from ethnic minorities
Ethnic Minorities: Education
Bhatti- pro school ethos
Chinese and Indian pupils labelled ‘ideal students’
Sewell- labels
of African Caribbean boys leads them to a self fulfilling prophecy treated more unfairly and harshly
Black Caribbean pupils 2x more likely to be excluded
4.4% of head teachers in schools are from ethnic minority groups
Ethnic minorities: Crime
Townsley and Marshall- Driving while black
Nightingale- paradox of inclusion
Excluded by a racist society from achieving material success leads to criminality
4.9x more likely to be stopped than a white person
A survey 374 legal professionals found that 56% had witnessed at least one judge acting in a radically biased way
Ethnic inequalities: media
Van Dijk- stereotypes
Young black African males as criminal, unimportant and a threat which creates a self fulfilling prophecy
Abbas- climate of Islamophobia
Negative stereotype against Muslims fears aboir radicalisation and extremism exaggerated by the media
Sociological explanations ethnicity: feminism
Davidson; Li- concrete ceiling
Barriers to promotion hard to break through Muslim women removed their hijabs or changed their names to be more respected
Race AND gender affecting
Collins- sexual representations
Black women are oppressed by the media young black women portrayed over sexually
Sociological explanations ethnicity: Interactionist
Townsley and Marshall- labelling driving while black led to discriminatory practices while policing leads to black people having bad experiences in their encounters with the police interactions often involve conflict and confrontation
Sociological explanations ethnicity: subcultrualist
Nightingale- paradox of inclusion
Exists for young black people whereby they desire to be part of mainstream culture but excluded by racist society
Sociological explanations ethnicity : functionalism
Parsons- meritocracy
Parsons suggests that some minorities ethnic groups such as Indian and Chinese origin do better in education only due to their hard work not because of racism hard work encouraged while in other ethnic groups don’t get encouraged
Patterson- Host immigration model
Arrival of immigrants in 1950s led to culture clash, inequalities caused by the host country acting fearful and displaying resentment as well as immigrants failing to assimilate into host culture so people from BAME backgrounds bought or rented in inner city areas
Sociological explanations ethnicity : New Right
Murray- black underclass
Increase in black single mothers dependency on benefits fathers absence leads ac boys to turn to violence
Sewell- cultural comfort zones
Peer groups like to associate with others, clear within society large numbers of Muslims live in inner city areas
Sociological explanations ethnicity : Marxism
Castles & Kosack
Em act as a surplus labour market hired during boom periods and fired during recession enabled wc to be divided into groups with em being scapegoated for unemployment
Cox- Strike breakers
Racism socially constructed by those in control to exploit less powerful groups therefore ideologically asserts superiority of white people
Sociological explanations ethnicity: weberianism
Barron and Norris- Dual labour market theory
Primary dominated by men well paid jobs, secure
Secondary not well paid, unsecured, zero hour contract
Miles- Radicalised class fractions
Occurred due to white minority treating ethnic minorities as socially and culturally different consequently ethnic minorities turn inwards
Social class inequalities: family
Sugarman- immediate and deferred gratification working class children encouraged to live in the moment
Murray- dependency culture cycle of deprivation
22% of people live in the UK live In poverty includes 4.2 mill children
Social class inequalities: Employment
Marx- minimum wage
upperclass deliberately pay wc minimum to increase profit and keep order
Greening; Friedman- class ceiling and old boys network believe regional accent is a barrier of success more social connections means better opportunities
2 in 10 working age adults live in poverty
social class inequalities: Education
keddie- labelling and setting wc more likely to be placed in a lower set leads to a self fulfilling prophecy
willis;Cohen- anti school subcultures and status frustration get into crime
over half of senior judges went through the private school to Oxbridge pipeline
social class inequalities: crime
upper class status means they can get out of crimes and pay fines get good lawyers too
74% of the prison pop is drawn from the poorest 20% of pop
social class inequalities: media
Skeggs- consumer culture wc individuals spend money on material possessions
sociological explanations social class: marxism
Bourdieu- cultural, economic & social capital
upper and middle class hold and share attitudes that will help them to succeed, private schooling
Althusser- ISA vs RSA
exploit proletariat by spreading ideology through agents of socialisation ISA deceived by media and education accept it if people don’t listen RSA to directly control proletariat
sociological explanation social class: functionalism
Davis and Moore- Meritocracy
society is based off hard work and status is achieved through hard work and effort rewards act as an incentive to work harder spend longer in education
Parsons and Davis and Moore- value consensus and role allocation- stratification is beneficial to society people deserve higher pay for jobs,
sociological explanation social class: Weberiansm
Barron and Norris- Dual labour market theory
sociological explanations social class: New Right
Murray- Dependency culture and development of underclass
sociological explanation social class: feminism
Benston- reserve army of labour
Oakly- patriarchal ideology exists embedded through gender socialisation men dominate the top jobs in societies such as UK
sociological explanations social class: postmodernism
Young- conspicuous consumption pick and choose identity they want through consumption buy things middle class people would buy to fit in
Age inequalities: families (young)
Palmer- Toxic childhood
Murray- underclass and dependecy culture
4.3 mil children live in poverty
62 children referred to agencies a day
Age inequalities: work and employment (young)
Barron and Norris- Dual labour market theory
Parsons- meritocracy
Under 18 mw £6.40 while 18-20 is £8.40
13% employed on a 0 hour contract
Age inequalities: media (young)
Griffin- negative stereotypes dysfunctional, deviant and delinquent creates moral panic self fulfilling prophecy and master status putting off employees
Mulvey and mcrobbie- slim blondes and male gaze
48% feel as though they’re addicted to social media
Age inequalities: crime
Matza- subterranean values
Deviant behaviours drift in and out of this but most won’t take on a deviant career, emply techniques of neutralisation which stop them from accepting label and a master status forming
Argue higher loyalties, denial of responsibility and denial of injury
Children aged 10-14 have the highest reoffending rate 34%
Age inequalities: work and employment (old)
Phillipson- reserve army of labour
Phillipson- political economy theory
State pension is 66 expected to rise
Ageism in the workplace starts at 40 for women and 45 for men
Age inequalities: family and health (old)
Henrietta and Grundy- sandwich generation
22% over 75 live alone
Age inequalities: media (old)
Sontag- silver ceiling
Berry- silver surfers
Women who dye their has increase to 75%
Sociological explanations age: functionalism
Henry and Cummings- disengagement theory
Treating old is a positive for society elderly deteriorates and need to be relieved which leads to retirement being planned encouraged to abandon their role
Parsons- meritocracy
Sociological explanations age: new right
Murray- dependency culture
Murray- economic burden on the state
Sociological explanations age: Marxism
Phillipson- reserve army of labour
Phillipson- political economy theory
Sociological explanations age: weberianism
Barron and Norris- dual market labour theory
Hockey and James- infantilisation
Sociological explanations age: feminism
Itzin- Reproduction women being on maternity leave
Arber & Ginn- doubly devalued after menopause and retirement age
Sontag- silver ceiling and cosmeticisation
Sociological explanation age: interactionist
Griffin and victor- labelling
Matza- Subterranean values
Sociological explanations age: postmodernism
Berry- silver surfers
Blaikie- grey pound
