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Inequalities Flashcards

1
Q

Male Inequalities: Employment

A

Farrell- Glass Cellar
men dominate 24 out of 25 ranked dangerous jobs

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2
Q

Male Inequalities: Health

A

Benatar- second sexism
men work dangerous jobs, don’t have custody, conscripted, victims of casual crime
96% of deaths in workplace were male

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3
Q

Male Inequalities: family

A

Dermott- Intimate Fathers and Gershuny- househusbands
Cant rely on job to give them identity and fulfilment
parents can share 50 weeks of leave and 37 weeks of pay however only 5% of fathers take this scheme.

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4
Q

Male Inequalities: Education

A

Cohen- Status frustration
44% of men participate in higher education compared to 57% women

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5
Q

Male Inequalities: crime

A

Pollack- Chivalry Thesis
75% arrests male
Status frustration- cohen

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6
Q

Female Inequalities: Employment

A

vertical segregation-
males and females dominate different levels of jobs
only 35% of MP’s are female

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7
Q

Female Inequalities: wealth and poverty

A

Chant- Time Poverty
Men can begin their careers younger and build on them
seven times more likely to be out the labour market due to caring commitments

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8
Q

Female Inequalities: Family and health

A

Henrietta and Grundy- sandwich generation
seven times more likely to be out of the labour market due to caring commitments

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9
Q

Female Inequalities: Education

A

Feminists- Hidden curriculum
Gendered subjects leads to horizontal and vertical segregation
23% of a level physics students were female but only 14% did apprenticeships

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10
Q

Female Inequalities: crime

A

Johnson- Patriarchal terrorism
due to crisis in masculinity
1 in 4 women will experience domestic abuse in their lifetime

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11
Q

Female Inequalities: media

A

McRobbie and Mulvey- slim blondeness and make gaze
Eating Disorders were identified in 12.5% of 17 to 19 year olds

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12
Q

sociological explanations gender: functionalism (POSITIVE)

A

parsons- instrumental vs expressive role, based on biological differences
Rastogi- Human capital theory, sees it as knowledge, competency, attitude and behaviour men’s is work orientated but women’s homemakers

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13
Q

Social explanations gender: New Right

A

Murray- nuclear families and traditional gender roles concerned that change in gender roles leads to lone parent families leading to social problems

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14
Q

Sociological explanations gender: Marxism (BAD)

A

Engles- Private Property and Ownership
women are controlled by capitalism to ensure private property and wealth could be handed down efficiently. nuclear families oppress women reducing them to a single role.

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15
Q

sociological explanations gender: weberianism

A

Barron and Norris- Dual Labour Market Theory

Weber- Social Closure and old boy netowrk

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16
Q

sociological explanation gender: postmodernism

A

Hakim- Preference theory
Believes its women’s rational choice to choose being a mother
lack of women in top jobs and their domination of part time work do not reflect worker discrimination

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17
Q

Ethnic Inequalities: workplace

A

Barron and Norris- Dual Labour Market Theory
Castles and Koscack- Reserve army of Labour

unemployment for white people 3% but 6% for people from BAME
Only 10% of MP’s are from ethnic minorities

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18
Q

Ethnic Minorities: Education

A

Bhatti- pro school ethos
Chinese and Indian pupils labelled ‘ideal students’

Sewell- labels
of African Caribbean boys leads them to a self fulfilling prophecy treated more unfairly and harshly

Black Caribbean pupils 2x more likely to be excluded
4.4% of head teachers in schools are from ethnic minority groups

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19
Q

Ethnic minorities: Crime

A

Townsley and Marshall- Driving while black

Nightingale- paradox of inclusion
Excluded by a racist society from achieving material success leads to criminality

4.9x more likely to be stopped than a white person
A survey 374 legal professionals found that 56% had witnessed at least one judge acting in a radically biased way

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20
Q

Ethnic inequalities: media

A

Van Dijk- stereotypes
Young black African males as criminal, unimportant and a threat which creates a self fulfilling prophecy
Abbas- climate of Islamophobia
Negative stereotype against Muslims fears aboir radicalisation and extremism exaggerated by the media

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21
Q

Sociological explanations ethnicity: feminism

A

Davidson; Li- concrete ceiling
Barriers to promotion hard to break through Muslim women removed their hijabs or changed their names to be more respected
Race AND gender affecting

Collins- sexual representations
Black women are oppressed by the media young black women portrayed over sexually

22
Q

Sociological explanations ethnicity: Interactionist

A

Townsley and Marshall- labelling driving while black led to discriminatory practices while policing leads to black people having bad experiences in their encounters with the police interactions often involve conflict and confrontation

23
Q

Sociological explanations ethnicity: subcultrualist

A

Nightingale- paradox of inclusion
Exists for young black people whereby they desire to be part of mainstream culture but excluded by racist society

24
Q

Sociological explanations ethnicity : functionalism

A

Parsons- meritocracy
Parsons suggests that some minorities ethnic groups such as Indian and Chinese origin do better in education only due to their hard work not because of racism hard work encouraged while in other ethnic groups don’t get encouraged

Patterson- Host immigration model
Arrival of immigrants in 1950s led to culture clash, inequalities caused by the host country acting fearful and displaying resentment as well as immigrants failing to assimilate into host culture so people from BAME backgrounds bought or rented in inner city areas

25
Sociological explanations ethnicity : New Right
Murray- black underclass Increase in black single mothers dependency on benefits fathers absence leads ac boys to turn to violence Sewell- cultural comfort zones Peer groups like to associate with others, clear within society large numbers of Muslims live in inner city areas
26
Sociological explanations ethnicity : Marxism
Castles & Kosack Em act as a surplus labour market hired during boom periods and fired during recession enabled wc to be divided into groups with em being scapegoated for unemployment Cox- Strike breakers Racism socially constructed by those in control to exploit less powerful groups therefore ideologically asserts superiority of white people
27
Sociological explanations ethnicity: weberianism
Barron and Norris- Dual labour market theory Primary dominated by men well paid jobs, secure Secondary not well paid, unsecured, zero hour contract Miles- Radicalised class fractions Occurred due to white minority treating ethnic minorities as socially and culturally different consequently ethnic minorities turn inwards
28
Social class inequalities: family
Sugarman- immediate and deferred gratification working class children encouraged to live in the moment Murray- dependency culture cycle of deprivation 22% of people live in the UK live In poverty includes 4.2 mill children
29
Social class inequalities: Employment
Marx- minimum wage upperclass deliberately pay wc minimum to increase profit and keep order Greening; Friedman- class ceiling and old boys network believe regional accent is a barrier of success more social connections means better opportunities 2 in 10 working age adults live in poverty
30
social class inequalities: Education
keddie- labelling and setting wc more likely to be placed in a lower set leads to a self fulfilling prophecy willis;Cohen- anti school subcultures and status frustration get into crime over half of senior judges went through the private school to Oxbridge pipeline
31
social class inequalities: crime
upper class status means they can get out of crimes and pay fines get good lawyers too 74% of the prison pop is drawn from the poorest 20% of pop
32
social class inequalities: media
Skeggs- consumer culture wc individuals spend money on material possessions
33
sociological explanations social class: marxism
Bourdieu- cultural, economic & social capital upper and middle class hold and share attitudes that will help them to succeed, private schooling Althusser- ISA vs RSA exploit proletariat by spreading ideology through agents of socialisation ISA deceived by media and education accept it if people don't listen RSA to directly control proletariat
34
sociological explanation social class: functionalism
Davis and Moore- Meritocracy society is based off hard work and status is achieved through hard work and effort rewards act as an incentive to work harder spend longer in education Parsons and Davis and Moore- value consensus and role allocation- stratification is beneficial to society people deserve higher pay for jobs,
35
sociological explanation social class: Weberiansm
Barron and Norris- Dual labour market theory
36
sociological explanations social class: New Right
Murray- Dependency culture and development of underclass
37
sociological explanation social class: feminism
Benston- reserve army of labour Oakly- patriarchal ideology exists embedded through gender socialisation men dominate the top jobs in societies such as UK
38
sociological explanations social class: postmodernism
Young- conspicuous consumption pick and choose identity they want through consumption buy things middle class people would buy to fit in
39
Age inequalities: families (young)
Palmer- Toxic childhood Murray- underclass and dependecy culture 4.3 mil children live in poverty 62 children referred to agencies a day
40
Age inequalities: work and employment (young)
Barron and Norris- Dual labour market theory Parsons- meritocracy Under 18 mw £6.40 while 18-20 is £8.40 13% employed on a 0 hour contract
41
Age inequalities: media (young)
Griffin- negative stereotypes dysfunctional, deviant and delinquent creates moral panic self fulfilling prophecy and master status putting off employees Mulvey and mcrobbie- slim blondes and male gaze 48% feel as though they’re addicted to social media
42
Age inequalities: crime
Matza- subterranean values Deviant behaviours drift in and out of this but most won’t take on a deviant career, emply techniques of neutralisation which stop them from accepting label and a master status forming Argue higher loyalties, denial of responsibility and denial of injury Children aged 10-14 have the highest reoffending rate 34%
43
Age inequalities: work and employment (old)
Phillipson- reserve army of labour Phillipson- political economy theory State pension is 66 expected to rise Ageism in the workplace starts at 40 for women and 45 for men
44
Age inequalities: family and health (old)
Henrietta and Grundy- sandwich generation 22% over 75 live alone
45
Age inequalities: media (old)
Sontag- silver ceiling Berry- silver surfers Women who dye their has increase to 75%
46
Sociological explanations age: functionalism
Henry and Cummings- disengagement theory Treating old is a positive for society elderly deteriorates and need to be relieved which leads to retirement being planned encouraged to abandon their role Parsons- meritocracy
47
Sociological explanations age: new right
Murray- dependency culture Murray- economic burden on the state
48
Sociological explanations age: Marxism
Phillipson- reserve army of labour Phillipson- political economy theory
49
Sociological explanations age: weberianism
Barron and Norris- dual market labour theory Hockey and James- infantilisation
50
Sociological explanations age: feminism
Itzin- Reproduction women being on maternity leave Arber & Ginn- doubly devalued after menopause and retirement age Sontag- silver ceiling and cosmeticisation
51
Sociological explanation age: interactionist
Griffin and victor- labelling Matza- Subterranean values
52
Sociological explanations age: postmodernism
Berry- silver surfers Blaikie- grey pound

Sociology (8 decks)

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