Social Thinking And Behaviour Flashcards
What is social psychology the study of
Social thinking
Social influence
Social relations
What is social thinking
How we think about our social world
What is social influence
How other people influence our behaviour
What is social relations
How we relate towards other people
What are three key aspects of social thinking
Attributions
Impressions
Attitudes
What are attributions
Judgements about the causes of our own and other peoples behaviour and outcomes
What do personal attributions do
Infer that people’s characteristics cause their behaviour
What do situational attributions do
Infer that aspects of the situation cause a behaviour
What three types of information determine the attributions we make
Consistency
Distinctiveness
Consensus
When do people tend to make a situational attribution
When all three types of information are high
When do we tend to make personal attributions
When consistency is high and the other two are low
What does fundamental attribution error mean
We underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the role of personal factors when explaining other people’s behaviour
What is self serving bias
The tendency to make personal attributions for success and situational attributions for failures
What is the primary effect
Our tendency to attach more importance to the initial information that we learn about a person
What is a mental set
A readiness to perceive the world in a particular way
What are schemes
Mental frameworks that help us organise and interpret information
What is a stereotype
A shared belief about a group or category of people
What is a self fulfilling prophecy
Our expectations affect our behaviour toward a person, which can cause the person to behave in a way that confirms our expectations
Define attitude
A positive or negative evaluative reaction towards a stimulus, such as a person, action, object or concept
Explain the theory of planned behaviour
Out intention to engage in a behaviour is strongest when:
We have a positive attitude to that behaviour
When subjective norms support our attitudes
When we believe that behaviour is under our control
What is cognitive dissonance
People strive for consistency in their cognitions
When is cognitive dissonance created
When two or more cognitions contradict one another
What is counter attitudinal behaviour
Behaviour that is inconsistent with ones attitude
What is self perception theory
We make inferences about our own attitudes by observing how we behave
What are the three aspects of the persuasion process
Communicator credibility
The message
The audience
What is communicator credibility
How believable we perceive the communicator to be
What is the central route to persuasion
People think carefully about the message and are influenced because arguments seem compelling
What is the peripheral route to persuasion
People don’t scrutinise the message but are influenced most by other factors
What is compliance
A surface change in behaviour which isn’t associated with true underlying cognitive changes
What are compliance techniques
Strategies that may manipulate you into saying yes when you really want to say no
What is the norm of reciprocity
Involves expectation that when others treat is well, we should respond in kind
What does door in the face mean
A persuader makes a large request, expecting you to reject it and then presents a smaller request
What does foot in the door mean
A persuader gets you to comply with a small request first and later presents a larger request
What is lowballing
A persuader gets you to commit to some action and then, before you actually perform the behaviour, he or she increases the cost of that same behaviour
What are factors that influence obedience
Remoteness of the victim
Closeness and legitimacy of the authority figure
Diffusion of responsibility
What is diffusion of responsibility
Obedience increases when someone else does the dirty work
What are social norms
Shared expectations about how people should think, feel and behave
What is a social role
A set of norms that characterises how people in a given social position ought to behave
What is role conflict
Occurs when the norms accompanying different roles clash
What is conformity
The adjustment of individual behaviours, attitudes and beliefs to a group standard
What is informal social influence
Following the influence of other people because we believe that they have accurate knowledge and that what they are doing is right
What is normative social influence
Conforming to obtain rewards that come from being accepted by others while at the same time avoiding their rejection
What is social loafing
Tendency for people to expend less individual effort when working in a group than when working alone
What is the collective effort model
People will put forth only as much effort as they expect is needed to reach their goal
Does social loafing occur more strongly in male or female groups
Male
What is groupthink
The tendency of group members to suspend critical thinking because they are striving to reach an agreement
Define prejudice
A negative attitude towards people based on their membership in a group
Define discrimination
Overt behaviour that involves treating people unfairly based on the group yo which they belong
What is explicit prejudice
Publicly expressed prejudice
What is implicit prejudice
Prejudice hidden from public view
What is an implicit association test
An implicit measure that can reveal many types of unconscious prejudice
What is stereotype threat
Stereotypes crate self consciousness amount stereotypes group members and a fear they will live up to other people’s stereotypes
Explain the equal status contact
Prejudice between people is most likely to be reduced when they:
Engage in sustained close contact
Have equal status
Work to achieve a common goal that requires cooperation
Are supported by broader social norms
What is kin selection
Organism are more likely to help other with whom they share the most genes, namely their offspring and genetic relatives
What is reciprocal altruism
Helping others increases the odds that they will help us or our kin in future
What is the norm of reciprocity
We should reciprocate when others treat us kindly
What is the norm of social responsibility
People should help others and contribute to the welfare of society
What did Batson say
Pro social behaviour can be motivated by altruism and egotistic goals
What is altruism
Helping others for the ultimate purpose of enhancing that persons welfare
What are egoistic goals
Helping others to improve our own welfare
What is the empathy-altruism hypothesis
Altruism is produced by empathy
Define empathy
The ability to put oneself in the place of another and share what that person is experiencing
Who came up with the 5 step bystander intervention process
Latane and Darley
What are ten 5 steps of the bystander intervention proces
Note the event
Decide if the event is really an emergency
Assuming responsibility to intervene
Self efficiency in dealing with the situation
Decision to help
What is the bystander effect
The presence of other bystanders inhibits each persons tendency to help
What is the mere exposure effect
Repeated exposure to a stimulus typically increases our liking for it
What is diffusion of responsibility
Believing that someone else will help
What is the matching effect
We are most likely to have a partner whose level of physical attractiveness is similar to our own
Explain passionate love
Involves intense emotion, arousal and yearning for the partner
Explain compassionate love
Involves affection and deep caring about the partners well being
What does Sternberg’s triangular theory of love state
Love involves three major components
Passion
Intimacy
Commitment
Define consummate love
Sternberg’s ultimate form of love; occurs when intimacy, passion and commitment are all present
