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Psychology > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Define personality

A

The distinctive and relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling and acting that characterises a persons responses to life situations

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2
Q

Explain Freud’s psychoanalytic theory

A

Believed symptoms of hysteria were relegated to represses memories and feelings
Used free association and dream interpretation to uncover the buried content of the unconscious

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3
Q

What does the psychodynamic perspective say about the structure of personality

A

Three separate but interacting structures:
ID
Ego
Superego

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4
Q

What is id

A

The innermost core of the personality
Only structure present at birth
Completely unconscious

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5
Q

What does the pleasure principle do

A

Seeks immediate gratification and release, regardless of rational considerations and environmental realities

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6
Q

Explain ego

A

Has direct contact with reality
Develops second
Operates primarily at the conscious level

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7
Q

What does the reality principle do

A

Tests reality to decide when and under what conditions the id can safely satisfy its needs

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8
Q

What is the superego

A

The moral arm of personality
Last to develop
Contains the traditional values/ideals of family and society
Strives to control the impulses of the id
Blind quest for moral perfection

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9
Q

Define defence mechanisms

A

Unconscious mental operations that minimise anxiety by denying or distorting reality

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10
Q

Explain repression

A

The ego uses energy to prevent anxiety arousing memories, feelings and impulses fro, entering the consciousness

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11
Q

What are psychosexual stages

A

Periods of development in which the id’s pleasure seeking tendencies are focused on specific pleasure sensitive areas of the body

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12
Q

What is fixation

A

A state of arrested psychosexual development in which instincts are focused on a particular theme

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13
Q

What is the oral stage

A

Infancy

Satisfaction from activities relating to the mouth

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14
Q

What is the anal stage

A

2-3 years

Satisfaction from elimination - toilet training

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15
Q

What is the phallic stage

A

4-5 years

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16
Q

What is the latency stage

A

6-12 years

Dormant sexual interest

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17
Q

What is the genital stage

A

12-adulthood

Focus on normal, healthy adult sexuality

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18
Q

What are neoanalytic theorists

A

Psychoanalysts who disagreed with certain aspects of Freud’s thinking and developed their own theories

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19
Q

What is Jung’s personal unconscious based on

A

Individual life experiences

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20
Q

What is Jung’s collective unconscious s

A

Consists of memories accumulated throughout the entire human race

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21
Q

What are archetypes

A

Inherited tendencies to interpret experiences in certain ways

22
Q

What does phenomenology emphasise

A

The primacy of immediate experiences

23
Q

Who came up with the personal constructs theory

A

Kelly

24
Q

What is the goal of the personal constricts theory

A

To find personal meaning in the world

25
Q

What are personal constructs

A

Cognitive categories into which people sort the persons and events in their lives

26
Q

What does Rogers theory of self state

A

Our natural forces will direct us towards self-actualisation, the highest realisation of human potential

27
Q

Define the self

A

An organised consistent set of perceptions of and beliefs about oneself

28
Q

What is self consistency

A

An absence of conflict about self perceptions

29
Q

What is congruence

A

consistency between self perceptions and experience

30
Q

What does need for positive self regard mean

A

The desire to feel good about ourselves

31
Q

What are conditions of worth

A

Conditions that dictate the circumstances under which we approve or disapprove of ourselves

32
Q

What do goals of trait theorists do

A

Describe basic classes of behaviour that define personality
Devise ways of measuring individual differences in personality traits
Use these measures to understand and predict behaviour

33
Q

What are personality traits

A

Relatively stable cognitive, emotional and behavioural characteristics of people that help establish their individual identities and distinguish them from others

34
Q

What is the lexical approach

A

Proposing traits on the basis of words or concepts from everyday language

35
Q

What is factory analysis

A

A statistical tool used to identify clusters of behaviour highly correlated with one another, but not with behaviours in other clusters

36
Q

What were Eysenck’s two super-traits

A

Extraversion

Stability

37
Q

Explain extraversion

A

Extraversion are more sociable, outgoing and active than introverts who shun crowds and prefer solitary activities

38
Q

What is stability

A

How susceptible one is to experience anxiety, worries and guilt

39
Q

What factors are stated in the five factor model

A 
Openness to experience 
Conscientiousness 
Extraversion 
Agreeableness 
Neuroticism
40
Q

Define temperament

A

Individual differences in emotional and behavioural states

41
Q

What do the social cognitive theories do

A

Combine the behavioural and cognitive perspectives into an approach that stresses the interaction of a thinking human with a social environment that provides learning experiences

42
Q

Explain reciprocal determinism

A

The person, the persons behaviour and the environment all influence one another in a pattern of two way causal links

43
Q

What did rotter say

A

Likelihood that we will engage in a particular behaviour in a given situation is influenced by expectancy and reinforcement value

44
Q

What is expectancy

A

Our perception of how likely it is that certain consequences will occur

45
Q

What is reinforcement value

A

How much we desire or dread the outcome that we expect the behaviour to produce

46
Q

What is locus of control

A

An expectancy concerning the degree of personal control we have in our lives

47
Q

What is internal locus of control

A

Life outcomes are under personal control

48
Q

What is external locus of control

A

Outcomes have less to do with ones own effort than with the influence of external factors

49
Q

What is self efficacy

A

A persons beliefs concerning their ability to perform the behaviours needed to achieve desired outcomes

50
Q

What are the four determinants of self efficacy

A

Previous performance expectations in similar situations
Observational learning
Verbal pressure
Emotional arousal that is interpreted as anxiety or fatigue can decrease self efficacy

51
Q

What is the rational theory approach

A

Items are based on the theorist conception of the personality trait to be measured

52
Q

What is a thematic apperception test

A

The person is instructed to write a story about what is happening in the picture

Psychology (7 decks)

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