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Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Define memory

A

The process that allows us to record, store and later retrieve experiences and information

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2
Q

Define encoding

A

Getting information into the system by translating it into a neural code that your brain processes

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3
Q

Define storage

A

Retaining information over time

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4
Q

Define retrieval

A

Processes that access and use stored information

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5
Q

Who devised the three stage memory model

A

James, Atkinson and Shiffrin

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6
Q

What are the three stages of the three stage memory model

A

Sensory memory
Short term memory
Long term memory

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7
Q

What does sensory memory do

A

Briefly holds incoming sensory information

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8
Q

What are sensory registers

A

Initial information processors

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9
Q

What is stored in the iconic store

A

Visual information

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10
Q

What is stored in the echoic store

A

Auditory information

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11
Q

What is short term memory

A

A memory store that temporarily holds a limited amount of information

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12
Q

What are memory codes

A

Mental representations of some type of informatIon or stimulus

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13
Q

What are visual memory codes

A

Mental images

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14
Q

What are phonological memory codes

A

Sounds

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15
Q

What are semantic memory codes

A

Meanings

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16
Q

What are motor memory codes

A

Patterns of movement

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17
Q

What is chunking

A

Combining individual items into larger units of meaning

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18
Q

What is working memory

A

A limited capacity system that temporarily stores and processes information

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19
Q

What does the phonological loop do

A

Stores mental representations of sound

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20
Q

What does the visuospatial sketchpad do

A

Stores visual and spatial information

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21
Q

What does the episodic buffer do

A

Integrates and manipulates information from the phonological and visuospatial sketchpad

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22
Q

What does the central executive do

A

Directs overall action, controls the focus of attention and integrates information in the episodic buffer

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23
Q

What is long term memory

A

Our vast library of more durable stored memory

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24
Q

What is the serial position effect

A

The ability to recall an item is influenced by the items position in a series

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25
Q

What is effortful processing

A

Encoding that is initiated intentionally and requires conscious attention

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26
Q

What is automatic processing

A

Encoding that occurs without intention and requires minimal attention

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27
Q

What does structural encoding require

A

Remembering how the stimulus looks

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28
Q

What is phonological encoding

A

Remembering how the stimulus sounds

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29
Q

What is semantic encoding

A

Remembering what the stimulus means

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30
Q

What is maintenance rehearsal

A

Simple, rote repetition

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31
Q

What is elaborate rehearsal

A

Focus in on the meaning of information or expanding it in some way

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32
Q

What is dual coding theory

A

Encoding information using both verbal and visual codes enhances memory because the odds improve that at least one of the codes will be available later to support recall

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33
Q

What is the method of loci

A

A memory aid that associates information with mental images of physical locations

34
Q

What does the peg word technique involve

A

The association of items to be remembered with a set of mental pegs

35
Q

What is a mnemonist

A

A person who displays extraordinary memory skills

36
Q

What is the associative network

A

A massive network of associated ideas and concepts

37
Q

What is priming

A

The activation of one concept by another

38
Q

What are neural networks

A

Computer models whose programming incorporates principles taken from the operation of the nervous system

39
Q

What is a node

A

A small information processing unit

40
Q

What are parallel distributed processing nodes

A

Nodes that are distributed throughout the network fire in parallel and spread their activation to other nodes

41
Q

What does declarative memory involve

A

Factual knowledge

42
Q

What does episodic memory contain

A

Knowledge concerning personal experiences

43
Q

What does semantic memory contain

A

General factual knowledge about the world and languages

44
Q

What is explicit memory

A

Conscious or internal memory retrieval, as when you consciously recognise or recall something

45
Q

What is recognition

A

Deciding whether a stimulus is familiar

46
Q

What is recall

A

Spontaneous memory retrieval

47
Q

What is implicit memory

A

Memory that influences our behaviour without conscious awareness

48
Q

What is a retrieval clue

A

A stimulus, whether internal or external, that activates information stored in long term memory

49
Q

What are autobiographical memories

A

Recollections of personally experienced events that make up the stories of our lives

50
Q

What are flashbulb memories

A

Recollections that seem so vivid and clear that we can picture them as if they were snapshots of moments in time

51
Q

What is the encoding specificity principle

A

Memory is enhanced when conditions present during retrieval match those that were present during

52
Q

What does context dependent memory mean

A

It is typically easier to remember something in the same environment in which it was originally encoded

53
Q

What does state dependent memory mean

A

It is typically easier to remember something when our internal state at the time of retrieval matches our original state during learning

54
Q

What does mode congruent recall mean

A

We tend to recall information or events that are congruent with our current mood

55
Q

What is encoding failure

A

Much of what we sense simply is not processed deeply enough to be committed to memory

56
Q

What is decay theory

A

Proposed that with time and disuse the long term physical memory trace in the nervous system fades away

57
Q

What is interference theory

A

We forget information because other items in long term memory impair our ability to retrieve it

58
Q

What is proactive interference

A

Material learned in the past interferes with recall of newer material

59
Q

What is retroactive interference

A

Recently learned material interferes with the recall of material learned in the past

60
Q

What is the tip of the tongue state

A

We cannot recall something but feel that we are on the verge of remembering it

61
Q

What does motivated forgetting mean

A

People are consciously or unconsciously motivated to forget

62
Q

What is repression

A

A motivational process that protects us by blocking the conscious recall of anxiety arousing memories

63
Q

What is retrospective memory

A

Memory of past events

64
Q

What is prospective memory

A

Remembering to perform an activity in the future

65
Q

What is amnesia

A

Memory loss due to special conditions, such as brain injury, illness or psychological trauma

66
Q

What is retrograde amnesia

A

Memory loss for events that took place sometime in life before the onset of amnesia

67
Q

What is anterograde amnesia

A

Memory loss for events that occur after the initial onset of amnesia

68
Q

What is dementia

A

Impaired memory and other cognitive deficits that accompany brain degeneration and interfere with normal functioning

69
Q

What is Alzheimer’s disease

A

A progressive brain disorder that is the most common cause of dementia among adults over the age of 65

70
Q

What are symptoms of dementia

A

Forgetfulness
Poor judgement
Confusion
Disorientation

71
Q

What are plaques

A

Clumps of protein fragments that build up on the outside of neurons

72
Q

What are tangles

A

Fibres tag get twisted and wound together within neurons

73
Q

What is infantile amnesia

A

The inability to remember personal experiences form the first few years of our lives

74
Q

What is the misinformation effect

A

The distortion of a memory by misleading post event information

75
Q

What is source confusion

A

Our tendency to recall something or recognise it as familiar but to forget where we encountered it

76
Q

Where are sensory memories processed

A

The cerebral cortex

77
Q

Where are working memories processed

A

Different lobes of the brain

78
Q

Where are long term memories stored

A

The hippocampus and surrounding areas

79
Q

What is memory consolidation

A

A hypothetical and gradual binding process

80
Q

What is the Amygdala responsible for

A

The encoding of emotional aspects of memory

81
Q

What does the cerebellum do

A

Plays an important role in procedural memory

Psychology (7 decks)

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