Social Studies Praxis Part 3 Flashcards
(189 cards)
1
Q
Political Map
A
It shows the locations of cities, towns, and counties and might offer physical features such as rivers, streams, and lakes.
2
Q
Physical Map
A
illustrate the physical features of a place
3
Q
Road Map
A
show major highways and roads, airports, railroad tracks, cities, and other points of interest.
4
Q
Special Purpose
A
Focuses on details such as topography, climate, or district.
5
Q
Climate Maps
A
Gives information about the climate and precipitation of a region.
6
Q
Economic or Resource Maps
A
Shows the types of natural resources that dominate the economic activity in a country.
7
Q
Topographical Maps
A
Shows similar information to physical maps but uses contour lines instead of colors to show the information.
8
Q
Physical Systems
A
Atmosphere-The envelope of gases surrounding the earth or another planet.
Biosphere - Includes all life on the planet.
Hydrosphere-Includes all water liquid ice or vapor on the planet.
Lithosphere-The outer region of the earth Includes the crust and upper mantle
9
Q
Archipelago
A
A group of islands or island chains (Hawaiian islands)
10
Q
Atoll
A
A coral island surrounds a lagoon (Maldives)
11
Q
Barrier Island
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A band of beach parallel to the mainland protects the shore from the effects of the ocean. (Clearwater Beach, Florida)
12
Q
Bays
A
An inlet of the sea or other body of water usually smaller than a gulf (Chesapeake Bay)
13
Q
Continent
A
One of the 7 great divisions of land on the globe.
14
Q
Deciduous Forest
A
A forest of trees, which lose their leaves seasonally. (Eastern Deciduous Forest, US)
15
Q
Delta
A
A landform that forms from the deposition of sediment carried by a river as the flow leaves the mouth and enters slower-moving or standing water.(Egypt)
16
Q
Desert
A
A barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs. (Sahara Desert)
17
Q
Fjord
A
A long, narrow, deep inlet of the sea between high cliffs (Skelton Inlet)
18
Q
Forest
A
A dense growth of trees (Tongass National Forest)
19
Q
Grassland
A
Land with dominant growth being grass and herbs (North American Prairies)
20
Q
Ice Caps
A
A glacier forming on an extensive area of land (Greenland Ice Sheet)
21
Q
Island
A
A tract of land surrounded by land (Ireland)
22
Q
Isthmus
A
The narrow strip of land (Isthmus of Panama)
23
Q
Mountain
A
A large area of raised land (Mt. St. Helens)
24
Q
Mountain ranges
A
A series of mountains (Andes)
25
Oceans
The whole body of salt water (Atlantic Ocean)
26
Peninsula
A land mass mostly surrounded by water (Indochina Penninsula)
27
Plains
An excessive area of treeless land (The Great Plains)
28
Plateaus
A relatively leveled piece of land (Antarctica Plateau)
29
Rain Forest
A woodland with an annual rainfall of more than 100 inches (Amazon Rainforest)
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Rivers
A large system of naturally flowing water (Amazon River)
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Seas
A body of salt water (Baltic Sea)
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Taiga
A moist, subarctic forest (Alaska)
33
Tundra
A level of rolling, treeless plain. (Arctic Tundra)
34
Valleys
An elongated depression of Earth's surface. (Hunza Valley)
35
Population Density
The number of people in relation to the square miles
36
Desertification of the Sahel (1900s)
The Sahel has endured an extensive and severe drought. Desertification occurs when land surfaces are transformed by human activities, including overgrazing, deforestation, surface land mining, and poor irrigation techniques, during a natural time of drought.
37
Castle Bravo Nuclear Test (1960)
The first in a series of high-yield thermonuclear weapon design tests conducted by the United States at Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands, as part of Operation Castle. Detonated on March 1, 1954, the device was the most powerful nuclear device detonated by the United States and the first lithium-deuteride-fueled thermonuclear weapon ever tested using the Teller-Ulam design.
38
Desertification of the Aral Sea (1900s)
The sea had shrunk to approximately 10 percent of its former size due to water diversions from the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers for agriculture.
39
Two Mile Island Nuclear Meltdown
A partial nuclear meltdown at a nuclear power plant in Pennsylvania.
40
Chernobyl
The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear accident that occurred on 26 April 1986 at the No. 4 reactor in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, near the city of Pripyat in the north of the Ukrainian SSR in the Soviet Union.
41
Exxon-Valdez Oil Spill
On March 24, 1989, the oil tanker Exxon Valdez ran aground in Prince William Sound, Alaska, spilling 11 million gallons of oil.
42
Kuwait Oil Fires
The Kuwaiti oil fires were caused by the Iraqi military setting fire to a reported 605 to 732 oil wells along with an unspecified number of oil-filled low-lying areas, such as oil lakes and fire trenches, as part of a scorched earth policy while retreating from Kuwait in 1991 due to the advances of US-led coalition forces in the Gulf War.
43
Deep Water Horizon BP Oil Spill
The Deepwater Horizon oil spill (also referred to as the "BP oil spill") was an industrial disaster that began on 20 April 2010 off of the coast of the United States in the Gulf of Mexico on the BP-operated Macondo Prospect, considered to be the largest marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry and estimated to be 8 to 31 percent larger in volume than the previously largest, the Ixtoc I oil spill, also in the Gulf of Mexico.
44
Arable
Producing crops
Terrace Farming: A farm built on mountains or hillsides
Crop rotation: Planting different crops sequentially
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Pastoral
Producing animals
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Sustenance
Producing what is needed for self and family
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Commercial
Producing to sell
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Intensive
Small areas of land; high inputs of resources
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Extensive
Large areas of land; low inputs of resources
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Irigation
The supply of water to land and crops to promote growth.
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Rain Fed
A natural application of water to crops from direct rainfall.
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Surface Irrigation
Using gravity to move water across the land; no mechanical system.
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Localized Irrigation
Using a network of pipes and low pressure to distribute water.
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Center Pivot Irrigation
Using a system of sprinklers that move into a circular pattern is often used in flat areas.
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Sub-Irrigation
Using pumping stations, canals, dams, gates, and ditches.
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Manual Irrigation
Using manual labor and watering can distribute water
57
Energy
Clean Energy- solar, wind, water, geothermal, biomass, nuclear
Fossil Energy- coal, oil, natural gases
Electric Energy-Charged particles
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Renewable Resources
Solar
Wind
Hydro Power
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Nonrenewable Resources
Fossil Fuels
Coal
Natural Gas
60
Technology
Transportation
Communication
Construction
Energy and Power
Chemical and Biological
Manufacturing
61
Anthropology
Physical-The study of physical characteristics of human groups.
Cultural-The study of Cognitive and social organization
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Assimilation
the process through which individuals and groups of differing heritages acquire the basic habits, attitudes, and modes of life of an embracing culture.
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Socialization
the process whereby an individual learns to adjust to a group (or society) and behave in a manner approved by the group (or society).
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Dewey
Learning by exploring and doing
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Skinner
Behaviorism
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Piaget
Stages of cognitive development
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Maslow
Hierarchy of needs
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Vygotsky
Zone of proximal development
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Community
Urban-cities
Suburban-residential,surrounding centers
Rural-Farmland
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Ethnic Enclave
a geographical area where a particular ethnic group is spatially clustered and socially and economically distinct from the majority group.
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Language
Method of human communication
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High-Context Culture
Relies on gestures, eye contact, relationships, and other non-verbal communication.
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Low Context Culture
Relies on explicit written or verbal communication
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Christianity
major religion stemming from the life, teachings, and death of Jesus of Nazareth (the Christ, or the Anointed One of God) in the 1st century ce. It has become the largest of the world's religions and, geographically, the most widely diffused of all faiths.
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Islam
is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad
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Catholicism
the faith, practice, and church order of the Roman Catholic Church.
adherence to the forms of Christian doctrine and practice which are generally regarded as Catholic rather than Protestant or Eastern Orthodox.
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Buddhism
Buddhism is one of the world’s largest religions and originated 2,500 years ago in India. Buddhists believe that the human life is one of suffering, and that meditation, spiritual and physical labor, and good behavior are the ways to achieve enlightenment, or nirvana.
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Hinduism
Hinduism (/ˈhɪnduɪzəm/), a.k.a. Hindu Dharma, is an Indian religion or dharma, a religious and universal order or way of life by which followers abide. As a religion, it is the world's third-largest, with over 1.2–1.35 billion followers, or 15–16% of the global population, known as Hindus.
79
Judaism
Judaism (Hebrew: יַהֲדוּת Yahăḏūṯ) is an Abrahamic, monotheistic, and ethnic religion comprising the collective religious, cultural, and legal tradition and civilization of the Jewish people. It has its roots as an organized religion in the Middle East during the Bronze Age.
80
Neolithic Revolution
The Neolithic Revolution, or the (First) Agricultural Revolution, was the wide-scale transition of many human cultures during the Neolithic period from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement, making an increasingly large population possible.
81
Hunter-Gatherer Socities
A traditional hunter-gatherer or forager is a human living an ancestrally derived lifestyle in which most or all food is obtained by foraging, that is, by gathering food from local naturally
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Agriculture-based Socities
An agrarian society, or agricultural society, is any community whose economy is based on producing and maintaining crops and farmland. Another way to define an agrarian society is by seeing how much of a nation's total production is in agriculture.
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Mesopotamia
Tigris-Euphrates river system
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Egypt
Nile River Valley
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Indus Valley Civilization
Indus River
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Civilizations of Mesopotamia
Some of the major Mesopotamian civilizations include the Sumerian, Assyrian, Akkadian, and Babylonian civilizations. Evidence shows extensive use of technology, literature, legal codes, philosophy, religion, and architecture in these societies.
87
Sumerians
Sumer - Civilization, Innovations & Art | HISTORY
Known for their innovations in language, governance, architecture and more, Sumerians are considered the creators of civilization as modern humans understand it. Their control of the region lasted for short of 2,000 years before the Babylonians took charge in 2004 B.C.
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Assyrians
A complex civilization in Mesopotamia. They built businesses, formed religions, and waged wars.
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Babylonian
A state in Mesopotamia and the capital. One of the largest ancient civilizations. They created large, complex buildings. They also created the Code of Hammurabi, which was a system of law and order.
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Writing-M
Cuneiform, A form of script on clay tablets. This was a big development because it allowed civilizations to record information.
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Mathematics-M
A series of symbols which them allowed them to compute problems.
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Government-M
Sophisticated systems of government and rule of law.
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Literature and Religion-M
The Epis of Gilgamesh is the most significant piece of literature and influenced the bible.
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Writing-E
Egyptians were the first to develop their language into a written form. Hieroglyphics which were pictures carved into stone usually on the walls of their homes.
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Literature-E
Autobiography and prayer was their first form of literature.
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Art-E
Their art held great importance to the memory of their descendants and protection from harm. Pottery, sculptures, and paintings were their main form of art.
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Architecture-E
The most famous architect was Pharoah Ramesseus the Great he engineered the corbelled arch which helped construct pyramids.
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Mathematics and Geometry -E
They introduced the earliest base-10 model
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Science -E
They invented paper, ink, the calender, clocks, household goods, cosmetic makeup and basic machines.
100
Yellow River Advancements
Neoliphic Period:
Farming
Carvings and art
Religion and pictographs
Crops and Craftsmen
Bronze AGE:
Weapons
Tools
Art
Ancient China:
Xia Dynasty
Shang Dynasty
101
Ancient Greece
The Greeks made important contributions to philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, and medicine. Literature and theatre was an important aspect of Greek culture and influenced modern drama. The Greeks were known for their sophisticated sculpture and architecture.
102
Roman Empire
A people known for their military, political, and social institutions, the ancient Romans conquered vast amounts of land in Europe and northern Africa, built roads and aqueducts, and spread Latin, their language, far and wide.
103
Indian
Hinduism
Buddhism
Caste System
Art, Literature and intellectuals
104
Chinese
Shang Dynasty
Han Dynasty
Tang Dynasty
Confucianism
Taoism
105
Byzantine Empire
The most important legacy of the Byzantine Empire is the preservation of Greek and Roman civilization during the Middle Ages. Byzantine civilization blended Christian religious beliefs with Greek science, philosophy, arts, and literature. They also extended Roman achievements in engineering and law.
106
Ottoman Empire
Ottomans contributed to the development of hospitals and healthcare and witnessed advances in medicine, mining, and military technology. They also set up a leading observatory in Istanbul and established more than 300 centers of learning known as medresses.
107
Africa
Many advances in metallurgy and tool making were made across the entirety of ancient Africa. These include steam engines, metal chisels and saws, copper and iron tools and weapons, nails, glue, carbon steel and bronze weapons and art
108
Central and South American Empires
Corn, Beans, squash, paper
Mathematica and astronomy
Compass,writing,water management
medicines
Pyramids
109
Assembly Line
Henry Ford famously remarked that the use of the moving assembly line allowed for the work to be taken to workers rather than the worker moving to and around the vehicle. The vehicle began to be pulled down the line and built step-by-step.
110
Light Bulb
On January 27, 1880, Edison received the historic patent embodying the principles of his incandescent lamp that paved the way for the universal domestic use of electric light.
111
Bessmer Steel
Henry Bessemer, in full Sir Henry Bessemer, (born January 19, 1813, Charlton, Hertfordshire, England—died March 15, 1898, London), inventor and engineer who developed the first process for manufacturing steel inexpensively (1856), leading to the development of the Bessemer converter. He was knighted in 1879.
112
Atomic Energy
Einstein also in 1905 mathematically proved the existence of atoms, and thus helped revolutionize all the sciences through the use of statistics and probability. Atomic theory says that any liquid is made up of molecules (invisible in 1905).
113
Sputnik
The first satelite was launched into space by the Russians which began the space race between the USA and the SU
114
Age of Reason and Enlighment
Philosophers began exploring based on facts rather than religion.
115
The Age of Reason
Thomas Hobbs wrote Leviathan which outlined the structure of society and legitimate government.
Rene Descartes-Rationalism
John Locke-Author of Two Treaties of Government.
Thomas Paine- Author of Common Sense,The Age of Reason, and Rights of Man
116
The Enlightment
Bishop George Berkeley-Author of A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
Voltaire- Author of Candine and criticized Christianity
Jean-Jacques Rosseau-Author of the Social Contract
Adam Smith-Author of The Wealth of the Nations
Immanuel Kant-Author of Critique of Pure Reason
Edmund Burke-Author of A Vindication of Natural Society.
117
Results of the Age of Exploration
More Knowledge about Americas
Increased European Wealth
Decline of the Ottoman Empire
Mapping improved
New food,plants and animals
The Europeans decimated the indigenous population
300-year slave trade
118
Triangular Slave Trade
The routes European Colonials used to transport slaves from Africa to the Americas and Europe
119
Age of Revolution
When significant social uprisings occurred in response to tyrannical government control.
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The Middle Passage
The part of the slave trade where African captives were packed into ships and sent from Africa to the West Indies.
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American Revolution
Between the British and the 13 colonies because the colonies were looking for freedom from the British.
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French Revolution
The French Revolution lasted from 1789 until 1799. The Revolution precipitated a series of European wars, forcing the United States to articulate a clear policy of neutrality in order to avoid being embroiled in these European conflicts.
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Key Events of French Revolution
Political conflict
The Enlightenment
Social disruptions among social classes
Ineffective Leadership
Economic Hardship
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Key Figures of French Revolution
Jean-Jaques Rosseau- Authored The Social Contract which helped inspire political reform.
Maximilien Robespierre- He was a prominent member of the Committee of Public Safety.
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Latin American Revolution
Created a number of independent sates on Latin America.
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Key Events Latin American Revolution
Hispaniola becomes the first state to become free from Spainish rule
Revolt in Latin America
Mexico's Independence
Battle of Ayacucho
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Key Figures Latin American Revolution
Simon Bolivar-Military and political leader who led the succession of multiple countries
Benito Juarez-The president of Mexico
128
Scramble for Africa
Multiple countries came together to take over control of the African countries.
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Anticolonial Leaders
Mahatma Gandhi-India
Ho Chi Minh-Indochina
Messali Hadj-Algeria
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15th Century
European Exploration
131
16th and 17th Century
European colonization of the Americas
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18th Century
American colonies revolt
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19th Century
European colonization of Africa and Asia
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20th Century
African and Asian colonies revolt
135
Economy
The wealth and resources of a country or region, especially in terms of the production and consumption of goods and services.
136
Depression
a long and severe recession in an economy or market.
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Recession
a period of temporary economic decline during which trade and industrial activity are reduced, generally identified by a fall in GDP in two successive quarters.
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Market
a regular gathering of people for the purchase and sale of provisions, livestock, and other commodities.
139
Gross Domestic Product
the total value of goods produced and services provided in a country during one year.
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Capitalism
an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit.
141
Socialism
a political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.
142
Communism
a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.
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Perfect Competition
the situation prevailing in a market in which buyers and sellers are so numerous and well informed that all elements of monopoly are absent and the market price of a commodity is beyond the control of individual buyers and sellers.
144
Monopolistic Competition
when many companies offer competing products or services that are similar, but not perfect, substitutes.
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Monopoly
he exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service.
146
Oligopoly
a state of limited competition, in which a market is shared by a small number of producers or sellers.
147
Checking Account
an account at a bank against which checks can be drawn by the account depositor.
148
Savings Account
a bank account that earns interest.
149
Money Market Accounts
Money market accounts tend to pay you higher interest rates than other types of savings accounts.
150
Certificate of Deposit
a certificate issued by a bank to a person depositing money for a specified length of time.
151
IRA
allows you to save money for retirement in a tax-advantaged way.
152
U.S. Savings Books
You lend money to the U.S. government. In turn, the government agrees to pay that much money back later - plus additional money (interest).
153
Consumer Credit
Advantage-Customers can purchase goods and services and pay for them later.
Disadvantage-If consumers fail to pay it impacts their credit score.
154
Non-Installment Credit
Single-payment loans and loans that permit the borrower to make irregular payments and to borrow additional funds without submitting a new credit application
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Close-End Credit
a loan given with a specified date that the debtor must repay the entire loan and interest.
156
Revolving Open-End Credit
an open-ended credit account that can be used and paid down repeatedly as long as the account remains open and in good standing.
157
Law of Demand
there is an indirect relationship between the price of a good or service and the quantity of that good or service that consumers are willing and able to buy.
158
Law of Supply
an increase in the price of goods or services results in an increase in their supply.
159
Equilibrium
state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced.
160
Disequilibrium
a loss or lack of equilibrium or stability, especially in relation to supply, demand, and prices.
161
Excess Supply
a situation in which the quantity of a good or service that is being offered for sale exceeds the quantity that is being demanded by consumers at the current price.
162
Excess Demand
When the planned aggregate expenditure is greater than the available output at full employment level,
163
Elasticity
Elastic- indicate that the quantity demanded or supplied responds to price changes in a greater than proportional manner.
Inelastic-one where a given percentage change in price will cause a smaller percentage change in quantity demanded or supplied.
164
Cost Scarcity
the opportunity cost of allocating limited resources.
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Opportunity Cost
the loss of potential gain from other alternatives when one alternative is chosen.
166
Investments
he action or process of investing money for profit or material result.
167
Push Factors
Natural disasters, political revolutions, civil war, and economic stagnation
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Pull Factors
political stability, lots of jobs, natural resources, better learning institutions, and better climate.
169
The Great Famine of Ireland
The Irish potato famine was not simply a natural disaster. It was a product of social causes. Under British rule, Irish Catholics were prohibited from entering the professions or even purchasing land. Instead, many rented small plots of land from absentee British Protestant landlords.
170
Embargo
an official ban on trade or other commercial activity with a particular country.
171
Eminent Domain
the right of a government or its agent to expropriate private property for public use, with payment of compensation.
172
Sanctions
a threatened penalty for disobeying a law or rule.
173
Trade regulation
The rules and laws that govern how businesses can buy and sell goods and services.
174
The Federal Reserve
The central banking system of the US
175
Department of the Treasury
manages federal finances by collecting taxes, paying bills and managing currency.
176
Tariff
a tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports and exports.
177
Comparative Advantage
When a country produces a good or service for a lower opportunity cost than other countries.
178
Absolute Advantage
When a country produces more of a good or service than competitors with the same amount of resources.
179
Traditional Economic System
an economic system in which traditions, customs, and beliefs help shape the goods and services the economy produces, as well as the rule and manner of their distribution.
180
Command Economic System
a key aspect of a political system in which a central governmental authority dictates the levels of production that are permissible and the prices that may be charged for goods and services.
181
Centralized Control
one component is designated as the controller and is responsible for managing the execution of other components.
182
Market Economic System
a type of economic system where supply and demand regulate the economy, rather than government intervention.
183
Mixed Economic System
a framework that incorporates both capitalist and socialist elements.
184
Macroeconomics
the part of economics concerned with large-scale or general economic factors, such as interest rates and national productivity.
185
National Income
the total amount of money earned within a country.
186
Price Stability
a condition of low and stable inflation.
187
Inflation
a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money.
188
Deflation
reduction of the general level of prices in an economy.
189
Exchange Rate and the International Price of Goods
the value of one currency for the purpose of conversion to another.the price the price labeled at the time of production, maximum retail price (M.R.P.), the price fixed in the import declaration form or the price fixed at the source by the producer.
