Social Studies Praxis Flashcards
Countries and Reasons for Colonizing America
Spanish: Gold, Northwest Passage
French: Spread Christianity, Northwest Passage
England: Colonize, Northwest Passage
Christopher Columbus
Started sailing in 1942 from Palos, Spain looking for a route from Asia to the Indies.
Instead, he found the New World, the Americas
Hernan Cortes
In 1519 he landed in Mexico with 600 men and fewer than 200 horses
Original goal: Spread Christianity throughout Aztec and colonization
New Goal: Gold
End Result: He began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas and conquered the Aztec Empire.
1000
Lief Erikson discovered Vinland (New England)
1497
Christopher Columbus discovers the new world (Hispaniola, San Salvador)
1507
New World named after Amerigo Vespucci
1513
Vasco Nunez de Balboa discovers the Pacific Ocean
1519
Herman Cortes conquers Mexico by defeating the Aztecs and their leader Montezuma. The victory gave Spain a stronghold over Central American land and gold for years to come.
1521
Ferdinand Magellan sails around the world
First American Settlements
St Augustine: The oldest city in the United States, founded in 1565 by the Spanish. Ponce de Leon explored looking for gold and other resources.
Jamestown: The first permanent English colony in the Americas and was established in 1607
Plymouth Colony: America’s first permanent Puritan settlement, was established by English Separatists Puritans in December 1620.The pilgrims fled to seek religious freedom.
Rhode Island Colony: Founded in 1636 by Roger Williams an English Puritan who advocated for religious freedom and the fair treatment of Native americans.
The Pilgrims
English puritan separatists seeking religious freedom
The 13 colonies
New Hampshire
Massachusetts Bay
Rhode Island
Connecticut
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Delaware
Maryland
Virginia
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia
The Mayflower
An English ship that transported the Puritans from England to the New World
The Mayflower Compact
The first document of self-governance signed by the passengers of the Mayflower on September 16,1620
American Revolution
Was the colonists revolt against Great Britain from 1765-1783. It began with the imposing of British taxes on colonists, which led to the clash of political ideologies,protests and war.The colonists fought the British and won their freedom and then formed the USA
Main players of the Revolutionary War
George Washington: Military General and 1st U.S. president.
John Adams
Lawyer and diplomat and 2nd US President
Sam Adams
Founding Father and politician
Paul Revere
Patriot, midnight ride, “The British are coming”
Thomas Jefferson
Founding Father, 3rd US president, principal author of the decleration of independence
Alexander Hamilton
Founding Father, Federalist
John Locke
Philosopher of the social contract theory, impacted the Declaration of Independence
Stamp act
A tax put on the American colonies by the British in 1765
Townshend Act
A series of laws that were passed by the British Parliament in 1767.The laws taxed goods ( paper, paint, lead, glass, and tea) imported by the American colonies and established the following:
-American Customs Board in Boston to collect taxes
-Courts in America to prosecute smugglers (without using a local jury
-The right of British officials to search colonists houses and businesses.
Boston Massacre
Confrontation where a British soldier shot and killed several people in Boston.Leading Patriots Paul Revere and Samuel Adams used this as propaganda for the Revolutionary War
Boston Tea Party
A protest by the American colonists against the British. It occurred on December 16, 1773.
-A result of the tea tas of 1773
-Dumped 90,000 pounds of tea into the Boston Harbor
-Perpetrated by the Sons of Liberty
Sons of Liberty
A secret orginization created in the 13 American colonies to advance the rights of the colonies and to fight the taxation by the British government.
Samuel Adams
Political writer
Benedict Arnold
Businessman, future general in the Continental army, traitor, and coward
John Hancock
Merchant, smuggler, fire warden
Patrick Henry
Lawyer from Virginia served as Virginia’s first governor, a leader of the Anti-Federalists who opposed the ratification of the 1787 U.S. Constitution.
Paul Revere
Silversmith from Boston, charged with notifying colonial militia of British troop movements prior to the battle of Lexington and Concord
John Brown
Businessman from Rhode Island First Political Parties
Federalists Party
Created by Alexander Hamilton; considered the “big government party”
Democratic-Republican Party
Created by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison;considered the small government party”
Republican Party
Henry Clay faction
Democratic Party
Andrew Jackson faction
Whig Party
Opposition to Jackson Transitioned into the Republican Party
Articles of Confederation
First U.S. Constitution has, a weak central government, inability to levy taxes, and inability to regulate interstate and international trade, each state was represented by one vote regardless of its size.
Constitutional Convention
Meeting with delegates to establish a stronger constitution. The opposition felt the constitution increased the power of the executive branch but failed to provide protection of individual rights. Eventually, the Bill of Rights was added to appease the anti-federalists and ratify the constitution in 1787
Magna Carta
English common law was signed in 1212 which established that individuals have natural rights of security, liberty, and property. Samuel Adams believed the colonists were entitled to these same rights and referenced the manga Carta he wrote. The Rights of the Colonists.
Presidents of the Early Republic under the U.S. constitution
George Washington(1789-1797): Non-political party affiliation; former military general; served two terms.
John Adams (1797-1801): Federalists; favored a strong central government; served one term
Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809): Democratic-Republican; brokered the Louisianna Purchase; served two terms.
James Madison (1809-1817): Democratic-Republican; president during the War of 1812and the burning of the national capital; served two terms.Religious advocate
Oregon Trail
A major route from Missouri to Oregon that pioneers used to migrate west.
Manifest Destiny
A belief that the United States was destined by God to expand control and spread democracy across the continent.
The Lousianna Purchase
The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 brought into the United States about 828,000 square miles of territory from France, t from the Mississippi River in the east to the Rocky Mountains in the west and from the Gulf of Mexico in the south to the Canadian border in the north. Part or all of 15 states were eventually created from the land deal, which is considered one of the most important achievements of Thomas Jefferson’s presidency. Cost $15 million
Lewis and Clark Expedition
The Lewis and Clark Expedition began in 1804, when President Thomas Jefferson tasked Meriwether Lewis with exploring the lands west of the Mississippi River that comprised the Louisiana Purchase. Lewis chose William Clark as his co-leader for the mission. The excursion lasted over two years. Along the way they confronted harsh weather, unforgiving terrain, treacherous waters, injuries, starvation, disease and both friendly and hostile Native Americans. Nevertheless, the approximately 8,000-mile journey was deemed a huge success and provided new geographic, ecological and cultural information about previously uncharted areas of North America.
The Erie Canal
The Erie Canal is a 363-mile man -made waterway that connects the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean via the Hudson River in upstate New York. The channel, which traverses New York state from Albany to Buffalo on Lake Erie, was considered an engineering marvel when it first opened in 1825. The Erie Canal provided a direct water route from New York City to the Midwest, triggering large-scale commercial and agricultural development—as well as immigration—to the sparsely populated frontiers of western New York, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan and points farther west.
The Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851
The US government created a treaty to attempt to ease the growing tension between white settlers and Plains Indians. The US government’s aim was to guarantee the safety of white settlers traveling through Indian Territory and to stop tribal fighting amongst the Plains Indians. The treaty was later broken when the US discovered gold on the land
War of 1812
Several Native American tribes fought for the British to stop the westward expansion into their homeland. Neither the British of the US won
Antebellum Period
The period of time between the war of 1812 and the Civil War
Presidents During the Antebellum Period
James Monroe (1817-1825): signed the Missouri Compromise, gave the Monroe doctrine
John Quincy Adams (1825-1829): Defeated Andrew Jackson for the presidency which split the Democratic-Republican Party, and oversaw the completion of the erie canal.
Andrew Jackson(1829-1837): supported the expansion of slavery, implemented the Indian Removal Act, created the financial crisis of 1837
Martin Van Buren(1837-1841): President during the economic panic of 1837
William Henry Harrison (1841): Known for the shortest presidency
John Tyler (1841-1845): his own party tried to impeach him
James K. Polk (1845-1849): annexation of Texas, the oregon compromise, and the Mexican cession
Zachary Taylor (1849-1850): Compromise of 1850
Millard Fillmore (1850-1853):nothing
Franklin Pierce (1853-1857): Kansas-Nebraska Act,
James Buchannan (1857-1861): Dred Scott v.s. Sanford
The Civil War
A war between the Union the North and the confederacy the South.
Presidents during the Civil War
Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865): Union naval blockade of the south, Gettysburg Adress, abolished slavery
Key Players of the Civil War
Ulysses S. Grant: Top Union general, waged total war against the South starting in 1863
Robert E. Lee: General who turned down Lincoln’s offer to lead Union forces
Stonewall Jackson: Confederate general
Jefferson Davis: President of the confederate states of America
Charles Francis Adams: Kept France and Great Britain out of war.
Agrarianism
in social and political philosophy, perspective that stresses the primacy of family farming, widespread property ownership, and political decentralization.
Industrilization
Went from agriculture to the making of goods
Urbanization
population shift from rural to urban areas
Industrial Revolution
The transition from farming to an industrial economy
Key Features of the Industrial Revolution
Population shifted
Goods were mass-produced
Increased efficiency and lower costs
Wages increased
Technology increased
Many industrialists became philanthropists
Governmental regulations increased, leading standards in healthcare and education
Players of the Industrial Revolution
Andrew Carnegie-Steel
John D. Rockefeller-oil
Karl Marx-Worker revolution
Eli Whitney-Cotton Gin
Impacts of the Industiral Revolution
Child Labor-Children received extremely low pay and worked in dangerous environments.
Poor sanitation-People were living in places of higher concentration. which was causing outbreaks of disease
The Slave Trade-The textile industry was still reliant on slave labor
Key Events of the IR
Marxism-set of ideas and beliefs that are dominant in society and are used to justify the power and privilege of the ruling class.
Trade unions and working-class movements-Workers demanded better conditions
Suffrage Movement- Women wanted equal rights
Nationalist Movements-Industrialism created a stronger sense of collective society
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882-prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers
The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890-outlawed monopolistic business practices
The Federal Reserve Act of 1913-The Federal reserve and the central bank oversaw monetary policy
Presidents during the late 19th century and Early 20th century
Andrew Jackson (1865-1869): Vetoed the Freedman Bureau Bill, and the civil rights bill, first president to be impeached.
Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877): Limited the activities of the KKK, negotiated the 1871 treaty of Washington
Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881): Ended the Reconstruction Era, led the civil service reform,
James A. Garfield (1881): Initiated reform of the Post Office Department
Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885): Signed the Pendleton Civil Service Act, signed the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, and encouraged modernization of the U.S. Navy
Grover Clevland (1885-1889): Reduced government spending, protective tariffs lowered, Interstate Commerce Act and the Dawes General Allotment Act
Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893): McKinley Tariff Act, Sherman Antitrust Act, veterans benefits, forest conservation, expansion of the U.S. Navy
Grover Clevland (1893-1897): Alleviated the treasury crisis, repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act
William McKinley (1897-1901): Dingley Tariff Act, Intervened in the conflict between Cuba and Spain,Treaty of Paris, Open door policy
Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901- 1909): Forest conservation, National Reclamation Act, Panama Canal, Russo-Japanese War
William Howard Taft (1909-1913):Payne-Aldrich Tariff, nationwide commerce,railroad rates, Sixteenth and 17th amendment
World War I
This was a war that included 6 big powers
Powers
Allied:
France
Britian
Russia
United States
Central:
Austria-Hungray
Germany
Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria
Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)
Founder public administration theories resisted the pressure to join WWI
Key Events during World War I
Espionage Act: Made it illegal to interfere with the operation of the military.
Schneck v. United States: Schneck was arrested for distributing leaflets urging men to resist the military draft and was convicted of violating the Espionage Act.
Interwar Period
The time between WWI and WWII
Presidents during the Interwar Period
Warren G. Harding (1921-1923): reduced taxes for corporations and the wealthy, high protective tariffs, cut taxes, limited immigration, Budget and Accounting Act,
Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929): cut taxes, limited government spending, supported the small government, set high tariffs on imported goods, refused U.S. membership in the League of Nations
The Roaring 20s
The dramatic shift in social and political life.
The Roaring 20s people
F. Scott Fitzgerald- Author of The Great Gatsby
Andrew Mellon- Treasury Secretary, tax breaks for the wealthy.
Henry Ford- Assembly Line
The Harlem Renissance
The development of the Harlem neighborhood in New York City.
The Harlem Renaissance People
Langston Hughes-Poet and Activist
Zora Neale Hurston-Author
Louis Armstrong-Jazz Musician
The Great Depression
Was the worst economic downfall in the history of the industrialized world.
The Stock Market Crash of October 1929
Millions of shares of stocks were traded after a wave of economic panic, causing their value to plummet.
The Dust Bowl 1930s
A drought-stricken area in the Southern Plains. Intensified the economic impacts of the Great Depression.
New Deal
A series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms and regulations enacted by FDR which would help reinflate economy.
The Securities and Exchange Act of 1934
Regulated transactions on the secondary market and ensured financial transparency of public trade companies.
Presidents during the Great Depression
Herbert Hoover (1929-1933):Took the blame for the stock market crash
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1933-1945): Implemented the New Deal, led the coutry during WWII, served 12 years.
World War II Reason and Powers
Allied Powers:
Great Britian-Winston Churchill
Soviet Union-Joseph Stalin
United States-Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman
China-Chiang Kai-Shek
Axis:
Germany- Adolph Hitler
Italy-Benito Mussolini
Japan-Emperor Hirohito
Presidents during World War II
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1933-1945):Same as before
Harry S. Truman (1945-1953):Authored the Truman Doctrine
World War II Timeline
1933-Adolf Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany
1936-Nazi Germany and Fasciat Italy form the Rome-Berlin Axis Treaty
1937-Japan invades China
1939-Germany invades Poland, marking the beginning of WWII
1940-Winston Churchill become the prime minister of England, Italy enters the war,
1941-The axis powers launch an attack against the Soviet Union, The Japanese attack Pearl Harbor
1944-D-Day and Normandy Invasion, Allied forces invade France, forcing the Germans back.
1945-FDR dies, Hitler commits suicide, Germany surrenders,Truman orders a nuclear attack on Japan,Japan surrenders
The Manhatten Project
The research and development of the nuclear bomb
The Catalyst to World War II
The Treaty of Versailles which made Germany mad.
The Cold War
A war between the U.S. and its allies and the Soviet Union and its satellite states
Key Terms from the Cold War
Superpowers-A powerful, influential nation with a bloc of allies.
Containment-A strategy by the U.S. to stop the spread of communism.
Domino Theory-A political event of one country will cause other events to happen in other countries.
Key events of the Cold War
Truman Doctrine-The United States would provide political, military, and economic assistance
Marshall Plan -U.S. provided Aid to Western Europe
Berlin Airlift -U.S. sent food, water, and medicine to citizens of West Berlin
North Atlantic Treaty Organization-A formal alliance between the territories of North America and Europe
The Arms Race -Competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union to develop a nuclear weapons program
Warsaw Pact-The Soviet unions response to NATO
The Space Race- Competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union to get to space
Bay of Pigs Invasion- A failed attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro
Cuban Missle Crisis -A confrontation between the US and the Soviet Union
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty - An agreement between the U.S. and S.U. to limit the use of ballistic missiles
Perestroika -The S.U. reconstructing their economic and political systems
Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces-An agreement between the U.S. and S.U. to decrease nuclear arsenals
Key Individuals of the Cold War
Joseph Stalin-Communist Dictator of the S.U.
Leonid Brezhnev-General Secretarty of the S.U.
Nikita Khrushchev-First secretary of the S.U.
Mikhail Gorbachev-General Secretary of the Communist Party of the S.U.
Presidents during the Cold War
Harry S. Truman (1945-1953)
Dwight Eisenhower (1953-1961)
John F. Kennedy (1961-1963)
Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969)
Richard Nixon (1969-1974)
Gerald Ford (1974-1977)
Jimmy Carter (1977-1981)
Ronald Reagen (1981-1989)
