Science Praxis Flashcards
Crust
The outermost solid layer of Earth 0-100Km
Mantle
Not liquid, some parts of the mantle can flow under certain conditions and changes in pressure. Mainly composed of aluminum and silicates 100-2900Km
Core
The innermost layer of the Earth. Outer core is liquid and the inner core is solid. Mainly composed of mickel and iron. 2900-6370Km
Lithosphere
The outermost and most rigid mechanical layer of earth. The crust and the top of the mantle. 0-100Km
Mesosphere
Beneath the asthenosphere it encompasses the lower mantle, where material still flows but at a much slower rate. 350-2900Km
Outer Core
A layer of liquid iron and nickel beneath the mesosphere. This is the only layer of the Earth that is a true liquid. 2900-5100Km
Inner Core
The Earth’s inner core is a solid ball. It is neither solid nor liquid and is considered super ionic. 5100-6370Km
Hydrosphere
All the water on the earth in liquid form.
Biosphere
The global sum of all ecosystems and living organisms
Cryosphere
The masses of frozen water
Atmosphere
The layer of the gases that surround the planet.
Nitrogen-78%
Oxygen-21%
Argon-.09%
Carbon Dioxide-.01%
Helium-small traces
Neon- small traces
Other gases-small traces
Layers of the atmosphere
Troposphere-0-12 Km above earth
Stratosphere- 12-50Km
Mesosphere- 50-80Km
Thermosphere-80-700Km
Exosphere-700-1000Km
Mountains Formation
Formed as a result of Earth’s tectonic plates smashing together.
Volcanoes Formation
Formed when magma from within Earth’s upper mantle erupts through the surface.
Canyons Formation
Formed by weathering and erosion caused by the movement of rivers. Also formed by tectonic activity.
Earthquakes
Caused when plates rub against each other in an opposite motion, and rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault
Ring of Fire
A ring of volcanoes along the edge of the Pacific Ocean. They are a result of the subduction of oceanic plates beneath lighter continental plates.
Primary Waves
These are the fastest waves and can travel through liquids, solids, and gases
Secondary Waves
These travel through Earth’s Interior at about half the speed. They can travel through rock but cannot travel through liquids or gases
Surface Waves
These only move on the Earth’s Surface and are the slowest waves.
Tsunamis
Giant waves caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions.
Divergent plate movement
Pulling Apart
Convergent plate movement
Coming together
Subduction
Sideways and downward movement of the edge of the plate into the mantle beneath the other plate.
Soil layers
Topsoil
Subsoil
Bedrock
The Water Cycle
Precipitation is rain or snow
Evaporation is when the water turns from a liquid to a gas
Condensation is when water vapor turns back into a liquid
Transpiration is when plants suck water from roots to the small pores of the leaves to send water vapor back into the atmosphere.
Hadean
4.5 Billion Earth was formed out of debris around the solar system. Temperatures are hot with frequent volcanic eruptions. The moon is formed around this time.
Archean
2.5 Billion Prokaryote life, the first form of life, emerges. The atmosphere is composed of volcanic and greenhouse gases.
Proterozoic
541 million Eukaryotes, a more complex form of life emerges, including some multicellular organisms. Bacteria begins to produce oxygen, shaping the third and current atmosphere of earth. Plants, animals and fungi begin to appear.
Phanerozoic
Complex life, including vertebrates, begin to dominate earth. Humans join the earth
Igneous rocks
Made from:lava, magma
Looks like: glassy, smooth, gas bubble holes, random arrangement of minerals
Examples: Granite obsidion
Metamorphic Rocks
Made from: heat pressure
Looks like: sparkly crystals, ribbon-like layers
Examples: marble, slate
Sedimentary Rocks
Made from: deposition, cementation
Looks like: sand grains or visible pebbles, fossils may be visible
Examples: sandstone, limestone
Solar System
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn-Is closest in size and density to earth
Uranus
Neptune
Comets
A chunk ice and rock originating outside of the solar system.
Asteroids
A chunk of rock and metal in orbit in between Mars and Jupiter
Meteorite
A small asteroid
Light Year
A unit of astronomical distance equal to the distance light travels.
Speed of light
300,000 km/s
Fall-Autumn Equinox
Date in the fall when Earth experiences 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness. Around September 23
Summer-Solstice
Earth’s maximum tilt is towards the sun causing the longest period of light in the Northern hemisphere. Occurs around June 22
Spring-Vernal Equinox
12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness in the spring. Occurs around March 21
Winter-Solstice
The North Pole is tilted furthest from the sun,causing the shortest period of daylight. Occurs around December 21
The Moon
Stars
Lunar Eclipse
moon-earth-sun
Solar eclipse
Earth-moon-sun
Earth Patterns
Rotation on its axis every 24 hours
Rotation around the sun every 365 days
Earth Cycles
the suns rotation causes day,night, weather and seasons
Structure of living things
Cells-Tissues-Organs-Organ system-Organisms
Prokaryote
A unicellular organism that lacks a nusleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelle. DNA floats freely. Divided into archaea and bacteria
Eukaryote
A multicellular organism that contains a nucleus, mitochondria, and membrane-bound organelles
Bacteria v.s virus
Bacteria- Harmless
Virus- causes diseases
Plant Cell
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Photosynthesis
Animal Cell
Plasma Membrane
No Chloroplast
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration
The process of taking food in the form of carbohydrates, making energy in the form of ATP, and removing waste.
Glucose+Oxygen->Carbon Dioxide+Water+Energy
Photosynthesis
The process of using Carbon Dioxide, water and sunlight and turning them into carbohydrates.
Carbon Dioxide + Water+ Sunlight->Glucose+Oxygen
Asexual reproduction
Binary Fission is when a singular parent cell doubles its DNA, then divides into two cells. Occurs in Bacteria
Budding is when a small growth on the surface of the parent breaks off and continues growing into adulthood. Occurs in yeast and some animals
Fragmentation is when a piece of an organism breaks off, and those pieces develop into a new organism. Occurs in starfish.
Parthenogenesis is when an embryo develops from an unfertilized cell. Occurs in invertabrates.
Mitosis
A process in creating an identical cell from another cell
Interphase
The cell prepares for division.It plumps up and replicates its DNA within its nucleus
Prophase
The DNA tightly coils into chromosomes to make splitting efficient. The nuclear membrane dissolves.The microtubes or spindle fibers move to opposites sides of the cell.
Metaphase
The chromosomes move to the middle of the cell. The Spindle fibers attach to each chromosome.
Anaphase
The spindle fibers begin to pull apart the chromosomes, bringing them to opposite sides of the cell for efficient splitting.
Telophase
With the chromosomes on either side of the cell, the two cells pinch off, forming two identical sister cells of the original cells. Cytokinesis is when the cell separates into two cells during the final stage of mitosis.
Meiosis
Ensures that humans have the same number of chromosomes in each generation.
Trisomy
When an extra chromosome is attached to a cell.
DNA
The hereditary material in living organisms
Amino Acids
Organic compounds that form proteins
DNA Replication
- The DNA unzips
- Free -flowing nucleotides bind to the unzipped portion of the DNA
- Two identical DNA strands are the result
Alleles
Forms of the same gene with slight differences.
Dominance-is when the gene is stronger then the other gene
Gregor Mendel
Father of Genetics did the pea plant experience
Metamorphosis
The process of transportation from an immature form to an adult form.
Complete metamorphosis
The insect goes through four stages: egg, larva, pupa, imago
Incomplete metamorphosis
The insect hatches from an egg and then goes through several nymphal stages
Evolution
A change that happens over thousands of years
Adaptation
the distribution of traits in the population that can change with environmental conditions.
Mutations
Changes in the DNA molecule caused by mistakes during cell division or exposure to environmental factors.
Cold Blooded Organisms
Animals that have a body temperature varying with that of the environment. Amphibians, reptiles
Warm-blooded Organisms
Animals that maintain a constant body temperature, regardless of the environment.
Open Circulatory System
The blood is pumped into the body cavity and is not enclosed on blood vessels. Most invetabrates
Closed Circulatory System
The blood is pumped by the heart and is enclosed in blood vessels
Circulatory and Respiratory System
Heart, Lungs, Arteries, veins, coronary and portal veins
Digestive and Excretory System
Gastrointestinal tract, bladder, colon,kidneys
Nervous,Endocrine,and Immune system
Brain, Spinal Cord, neurons and hormones
Species
A group of interbreeding organisms that do not ordinally breed with numbers of other groups. Examples: Polar Bears live largely with the Artic Circle
Populations
Comprises all the individuals of a given species ina specific area or region at a certain time
Communities
All the populations in a specific region at a certain time
Ecosystems
The dynamic entities are composed of the biological and abiotic environment.
Producers
Produce their own food
Consumers
Eat their food. There are four main groups:
Primary-Consumers are herbivores. They eat plants
Secondary-Consumers eat the primary consumer
Tertiary-Consumers eat the secondary consumer
Quaternary-Consumers eat the tertiary condumer
Decomposers
These consumers turn dead material into soil to gain nutrients
Competition
When two or more organisms rely on the same environmental resource
Predation
Behavior of one animal feeding on another
Symbiosis
The close relationship of two dissimilar organisms
Mutualism
A symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit
Commensalism
A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and one does not but is unharmed.
Parasitism
A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and one is harmed.
Colloid mixture
a mixture in which one substance consisting of microscopically dispersed insoluble particles is suspended throughout another substance.
Suspension
Contains solid particles that are sufficiently large for sedimentation.
Solutions
The dissolving agent is the solvent
Electrons
Negatively charged circling around the atoms nucleus
Neutrons
Neutrally charged that are located inside the nucleus
Protons
Positively charged located inside the nucleus
Cohesion
When a water droplet combines with another droplet
Adhesion
Water sticking to roots
High-Specific Heat
This allows water to moderate temperature
High heat of evaporation
When humans sweat
Lower density of ice
Water is less dense than ice
High polarity
This makes water a powerful solvent
Compounds
Composed of two or more elements
Ions
Charged elements or molecules that have lost or gained a one or more electrons
Isotopes
Two or more forms of the same element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons
Aquifers
Are bodies of rock that hold water under the bedrock
Gravity
Responsible for rotation of Earth on its axis
Carl Linnaeus
Responsible for the classification of living organisms
Conductors
Wire, Metal, and Water
Insulators
Rubber, Cloth, Styrofoam
Reactivity
increases as you move to the left on the periodic table
Periodic Table
Groups-Cokumnd
Periods-Rows
Metals- Shiny
Nonmetals-Dull
Metalloid-Dull
Noble Gases-Last column on the right of the table
