Social Studies 5004 Flashcards
European exploration and colonization
Whose key motives were: Gold, Northwest Passages
Spanish
European exploration and colonization
Whose key motives were: Spread Christianity, Northwest Passage
French
European exploration and colonization
Whose key motives were: Colonize, Northwest Passage
England
Explorers to Know
He made one of the most famous voyages of exploration in 1492 when he sailed from Palos, Spain in search of a route to Asia and the Indies. Instead, He found the New World-the Americas.
Christopher Columbus
In 1519, he landed in Mexico with 600 men and fewer than 200 horses. Upon discovering the vast Aztec wealth, his motivations quickly changed from colonization and Christianity to acquiring gold. He began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas and conquered the Aztec empire.
Hernán Cortés
Exploration of the Americas Timeline
When did Leif Erikson discovers Vinland (New England)?
1000 A.D.
Exploration of the Americas Timeline
When did Christopher Columbus discovers the New World (Hispaniola, San Salvador)?
1492
Exploration of the Americas Timeline
When did John Cabot discover continental North America?
1497
Exploration of the Americas Timeline
When was the New World named after America Vespucci?
1507
Exploration of the Americas Timeline
When did Vasco Nuñez de Balboa discovers the Pacific Ocean?
1513
Exploration of the Americas Timeline
When did Hernán Cortés conquer Mexico by defeating the Aztecs and their leader Montezuma. The victory gave Spain a stronghold over Central American land and gold for years to come.
1519
Exploration of the Americas Timeline
When did Ferdinand Magellan sail around the world?
1521
First American Settlements
The oldest city in the United States is ____ ________, founded in 1565 by the Spanish. Ponce de León, a Spanish conquistador, explored ____ _______ looking for gold and other resources.
St. Augustine
First American Settlements
_________, Virginia was the first permanent English colony in the Americas and was established in 1607.
Jamestown
First American Settlements
_________ ________, Americas first permanent Puritan settlement, was established by English Separatist Puritans in December 1620. The Pilgrims left England to seek religious freedom.
Plymouth Colony
First American Settlements
Founded in 1636 by Roger Williams, an English Puritan who advocated for religious freedom and the fair treatment of Native Americans.
Rhode Island Colony
Key Players and Events of American Colonization
English Puritan separatists seeking religious freedom.
The Pilgrims
Key Players and Events of American Colonization
The 13 colonies: New England Colonies
- New Hampshire
- Massachusetts Bay Colony
- Rhode Island Colony
- Connecticut Colony
Key Players and Events of American Colonization
The 13 colonies: Middle Colonies
- New York Colony
- New Jersey Colony
- Pennsylvania Colony
- Delaware Colony
Key Players and Events of American Colonization
The 13 colonies: Southern Colonies
- Maryland Colony
- Virginia Colony
- North Carolina Colony
- South Carolina Colony
- Georgia Colony
Key Players and Events of American Colonization
An English ship that transported the Puritans from England to the New World. The ship has become a cultural icon in the history of the United States.
The Mayflower
Key Players and Events of American Colonization
The first document of self-governance signed by the passengers of the Mayflower on September 16, 1620.
The Mayflower Compact
The First Colonies
1st- Jamestown, Virginia (1607)
2nd- Plymouth, Massachusetts (1620)
The ______ __ _________ at Jamestown, Virgina, was the first legislative assembly in the colonies. The main player or name associated with the _______ __ ______ is George Yeardley, who was Governor of the Virginia Colony.
House of Burgesses
The ________ _________ was the colonists revolt against Great Britain from about 1765 to 1783. It began with a series of British taxes imposed on the colonists, which led to a clash of political ideologies, protests, and war. With the help of the French, the American colonists fought the British and won their independence. The 13 colonies formed the United States of America.
American Revolution
Causes of the American Revolution
The ________ ____ was a tax put on the American colonies by the British in 1765.
Stamp Act
Causes of the American Revolution
A series of laws passed by the British Parliament in 1767. The laws taxed goods (paper, paint, lead, glass, and tea) imported to the American colonies and established the following:
-American Customs Board in Boston to collect taxes.
-Courts in America to prosecute smugglers (without using a local jury)
-The right of British officials to search colonists’ houses and businesses.
Townshend Acts
Causes of the American Revolution
Confrontation where a British soldier shot and killed several people in Boston. Leading patriots like Paul Revere and Samuel Adams used this as propaganda for the Revolutionary War.
Boston Massacre
Causes of the American Revolution
A protest by the American Colonists against the British government. It occurred on December 16, 1773.
-A result of the Tea Tax of 1773
-Dumped 90,000 pounds of tea into Boston Harbor
-Perpetrated by the Sons of Liberty
Boston Tea Party
Causes of the American Revolution
The ____ __ ______ was a secret organization created in the 13 American Colonies to advance the rights of the colonists and to fight taxation by the British government.
Sons of Liberty
Members of the Sons of Liberty:
*Samuel Adams- Political writer, founder of the Sons of Liberty
*Benedict Arnold- Businessman, future general in the Continental Army, traitor, and coward
*John Hancock- Merchant, smuggler, fire warden.
*Patrick Henry- Lawyer from Virginia, served as Virginia’s first governor, leader of the Anti-Federalists who opposed the ratification of the 1787 U.S. Constitution.
*Paul Revere- Silversmith from Boston, charged with notifying colonial militia of British troop movements prior to the Battle of Lexington and Concord.
*John Brown- Businessman from Rhode Island First Political Parties.
Political Parties
First Political Parties: Created by Alexander Hamilton; considered the “big government party”
Federalist Party
Political Parties
First Political Parties: Created by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison; considered the “small government party”
Democratic-Republican Party
Political Parties
Second Political Parties (The Democratic-Republican Party splits: Henry Clay faction
Republican Party
Political Parties
Second Political Parties (The Democratic-Republican Party splits: Andrew Jackson faction
Democratic Party
Political Parties
Second Political Parties (The Democratic-Republican Party splits:
An opposition to Jackson
Transitioned into the Republican Party
Whig Party
Major events and developments in the United States
Constitutional Era and Early Republic- First U.S. Constitution, weak central government, inability to levy taxes, inability to regulate interstate and international trade, each state was represented by one vote regardless of its size.
Articles of Confederation
Major events and developments in the United States
Constitutional Era and Early Republic- Meeting with delegates to establish a stronger constitution. The opposition felt the Constitution increased the power of the executive branch but failed to provide protection of individual rights. Eventually, the Bill of Rights was added to appease the anti-federalists and ratify the Constitution of 1787.
Constitutional Convention
English Common Law signed in 1212, which established that individuals have natural rights of security, liberty, and property. Samuel Adams believed the colonists were entitled to these same rights and referenced the _________ _______ when he wrote The Right of Colonists.
Magna Carta
Presidents of the Early Republic under the U.S. Constitution
(1789–1797) – No political party affiliation; former military general; served two terms.
George Washington
Presidents of the Early Republic under the U.S. Constitution
(1797–1801) – Federalist; favored a strong central government; served one term.
John Adams
Presidents of the Early Republic under the U.S. Constitution
(1801–1809) – Democratic-Republican; brokered the Louisiana Purchase; served two terms.
Thomas Jefferson
Presidents of the Early Republic under the U.S. Constitution
(1809–1817) – Democratic-Republican; president during the War of 1812 and the burning of the national capital; served two terms.
James Madison
The Adams Family
Patriot, founder of the Sons
of Liberty
Samuel Adams
The Adams Family
2nd president and 2nd cousin of Samuel Adams
John Adams
The Adams Family
6th president and son of John Adams
John Quincy Adams
Westward Expansion
When gold was discovered in California in 1848, people from California were the first to rush to the goldfields. News quickly spread to Oregon and Latin America and eventually throughout the world.
Gold Rush
The Adams Family
Key U.S. diplomat during the American Civil War, son of John Quincy Adams
Charles Francis Adams
Was the movement of settlers into the American West from about 1840 to 1850. The primary factors for the expansion were population growth and search for new land for economic benefit. The __________ ________ was fueled by the Gold Rush, the Oregon Trail, and the belief in Manifest Destiny.
Westward Expansion
Westward Expansion
A major route from Missouri to Oregon that pioneers used to migrate west.
Oregon Trail
Westward Expansion
Belief that the United States was destined by God to expand control and spread democracy across the continent.
Manifest Destiny
Westward Expansion
The ___________ _________ was a land deal between the United States and France in which the United States acquired approximately 827,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million. The ___________ __________ occurred during Thomas Jefferson’s term as president. Eventually, 15 states were added to the Union because of the Louisiana Purchase: Louisiana, Missouri, Arkansas, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Oklahoma, Texas, Montana, and New Mexico.
The Louisiana Purchase (1803)
Westward Expansion
President Thomas Jefferson instructed Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the area gained from the recent Louisiana Purchase. During the 8,000-mile expedition, Lewis and Clark endured dangerous terrain, extreme weather, injuries, and disease. They encountered friendly and hostile Native American tribes. From the experience, they were able to provide a detailed description of the geographic, ecological, and social features of the new region.
Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804)
Westward Expansion
The ______ ______ is a man-made waterway that connects the Atlantic Ocean— through New York City—to the Great Lakes. The completion of the _____ ______ was significant because it allowed people and freight to travel between the eastern seaboard and the Michigan port, allowing for cheaper transportation.
The Erie Canal (1825)
Westward Expansion
This treaty between the United States and representatives of several Native American tribes assigned each tribe a defined territory, where they were to remain (reservations). The ______ ________ ________ was later broken by the U.S. government when gold was discovered on the land that was assigned to the Native American tribes. The United States seized back the land and pushed Native Americans farther into isolated territories.
The Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851
War of 1812
There were several catalysts to the War of 1812:
- A series of trade restrictions introduced by Britain to impede American trade with France
- The British support for Native Americans, who were offering armed resistance to the expansion of the American frontier to the Northwest
- A refusal by the British to give up lands in the western part of America
- Seizure of American ships
During the War of 1812, several Native American tribes fought for the British to stop the westward expansion into their homeland.
Neither the British nor the United States had a substantial victory in the War of 1812. Both sides wanted the war to end and agreed to restore the status quo antebellum (before the war) with the Treaty of Ghent.
The __________ __________ in American history is considered to be the period after the War of 1812 and before the Civil War. It was characterized by an unstable political environment, including the rise of abolition and the gradual polarization of the country between abolitionists and supporters of slavery. This eventually led to the Civil War.
Antebellum Period
Presidents During the Antebellum Period
(1857–1861) – Democrat; supported the Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sanford, which stated that black people, “were not and could never become citizens of the United States”; fanned the fury between abolitionists and pro-slavery supporters; served one term.
James Buchanan
Presidents During the Antebellum Period
(1853–1857) – Democrat; signed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which allowed people of these territories to choose to become a free or slave state (also known as “popular sovereignty”); exacerbated the rift within the Democratic Party and increased tension over slavery; served one term.
Franklin Pierce
Presidents During the Antebellum Period
(1850–1853) – Whig Party; vice president to Zachary Taylor and successor after Taylor’s death; served one term.
Millard Fillmore
Presidents During the Antebellum Period
(1849–1850) – Whig Party; opposed new slave states; supported statehood of California as a free state; negotiated the Compromise of 1850 (finalized two months after his death); died of cholera while in office.
Zachary Taylor
Presidents During the Antebellum Period
(1845–1849) – Democrat; significantly expanded the country with the annexation of Texas, Oregon Compromise with Great Britain, and Mexican Cession after the Mexican-American War; supported Jacksonian democracy and slavery; served one term.
James K. Polk
Presidents During the Antebellum Period
(1841–1845) – Whig Party; vice president to William Henry Harrison and successor after Harrison’s death; vetoed several bills, which led his own party to attempt to impeach him; served one term.
John Tyler
Presidents During the Antebellum Period
(1841) – Whig Party; died 32 days after taking office; known for the shortest presidency in U.S. history; served less than one term.
William Henry Harrison
Presidents During the Antebellum Period
(1837–1841) – Democrat; president during the Economic Panic of 1837; served one term.
Martin Van Buren
Presidents During the Antebellum Period
(1829–1837) – Democrat; supported state’s rights to expand slavery; implemented the Indian Removal Act, which allowed the government to forcibly move Native Americans west of the Mississippi River (also known as the Trail of Tears); implemented poor economic policies that created the financial crisis of 1837; served two terms.
Andrew Jackson
Presidents During the Antebellum Period
(1825–1829) – National Republican; defeated by Andrew Jackson for the presidency, which split the Democratic-Republican party into two political parties; oversaw the completion of the Erie Canal; served one term.
John Quincy Adams
Presidents During the Antebellum Period
(1817–1825) – Democratic-Republican; signed the Missouri Compromise making Maine a free state and Missouri a slave state; gave the famous “Monroe Doctrine” speech to warn Europeans against further colonization; served two terms.
James Monroe
The ______ __ ______ was a tragic event in American history that occurred in the 1830s. It involved the forced relocation and displacement of tens of thousands of Native Americans, primarily from the Cherokee, Muscogee (Creek), Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole tribes, from their ancestral lands in the southeastern United States to designated Indian Territory in present-day Oklahoma. The relocation was a result of the Indian Removal Act signed into law by President Andrew Jackson. The journey, known as the ______ __ ______, was marked by immense suffering, disease, hunger, and death. Thousands of Native Americans perished during the arduous journey, which covered hundreds of miles on foot or by boat, as they were forcibly removed from their homes and uprooted from their traditional way of life. The ______ __ ______ remains a dark chapter in American history, highlighting the devastating impact of government policies and the displacement of indigenous peoples.
Trail of Tears
_________ was the compulsory enlistment of people in a national service, most often a military service. It was similar to the U.S. draft during the Vietnam War.
Conscription
______ _______ _______, also known as the Southampton Insurrection, was a significant slave revolt that took place in Southampton County, Virginia, in August 1831. Led by enslaved African American preacher Nat Turner, the rebellion resulted in a violent and bloody uprising against slaveholders and their families.
The rebellion also fueled debates over slavery and its morality, contributing to the growing abolitionist movement in the United States. It served as a powerful symbol of resistance against the institution of slavery and highlighted the harsh realities and injustices experienced by enslaved people.
Nat Turner’s rebellion
As the United States moved closer to a _____ _____, sectionalism became a problem as the country became increasingly divided. People no longer had loyalty to the entire nation. Rather, their loyalty was only to a part of the nation. The _____ _____ was the war between the Union (north) and the Confederacy (south), and it resulted in roughly 700,000 deaths. However, there were many positive outcomes of the _____ _____:
* Dissolution of the Confederacy
* Re-uniting the country
* Abolished slavery
* Beginning of the Reconstruction era, which aimed to rebuild the Union after the _____ _____
* Passing of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments or the “Reconstruction Amendments”
– Thirteenth Amendment – Abolished slavery
– Fourteenth Amendment – Granted equal civil and legal rights to freed slaves
– Fifteenth Amendment – Prohibits federal or state government from denying a citizen the right to vote based on color
The Civil War (1861–1865)
President During the Civil War
(1861–1865) – Republican; ordered Union naval blockade of the South; delivered landmark Gettysburg Address; preserved the Union during the worst political and moral crisis in U.S. history; abolished slavery; assassinated while in office; served one term.
Abraham Lincoln
The main event that indicated the end of the _____ _____ was Robert E. Lee’s surrender at the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse.
Civil war
Key Players of the Civil War
Top Union general after General George B. McClellan’s termination; waged total war against the South starting in 1863, including major victory at Vicksburg
Ulysses S. Grant
Key Players of the Civil War
General who turned down Lincoln’s offer to command Union forces in favor of commanding the Army of Northern Virginia for the Confederacy
Robert E. Lee
Key Players of the Civil War
Confederate general during the Civil War
Stonewall Jackson
When people migrate to another country, it is usually because something pushes them away from their native country and pulls them toward a new place. This idea is called the _____-____ factor.
push-pull
Key Players of the Civil War
Elected president of the Confederate States of America
Jefferson Davis
Key Players of the Civil War
U.S. diplomat for Abraham Lincoln who effectively kept France and Great
Britain out of the war
Charles Francis Adams
In the late ______, many people from various parts of the world immigrated to the United States because it was perceived as the land of economic opportunity.
1800s
A social and political philosophy that values rural society as superior to urban society. Property ownership and family farming, which is a way of life that can shape the ideal social values, are central to ______________.
Agrarianism
The process by which an economy is transformed from primarily agricultural to one based on the manufacturing of goods.
Industrialization
Refers to the population shift from rural areas to urban areas.
Urbanization
The ___________ ________, which began in the middle of the 18th century (approximately 1750), was the transition from an agrarian (farming) economy to an industrialized economy.
Industrial Revolution
Players of the Industrial Revolution
Karl Marx
Worker revolution
Players of the Industrial Revolution
Eli Whitney
Cotton gin
Players of the Industrial Revolution
Andrew Carnegie
Steel
Players of the Industrial Revolution
John D. Rockefeller
Oil
Key Features of the Industrial Revolution
- Population shifted; people moved from rural areas and agriculture work to cities and factory work.
- Goods were mass-produced.
- Increased efficiency, increased production, and lower costs.
- Wages increased.
- Technology developments increased.
- Many wealthy industrialists became philanthropists.
- Government regulations increased, leading to standards in health care and education.
Impacts of the Industrial Revolution
Children were exploited by manufacturers. They received extremely low pay and were often involved in accidents resulting in dismemberment or death.
Child labor
Impacts of the Industrial Revolution
People were living in areas of higher concentration. _______ _____________ caused outbreaks of infectious diseases.
Poor sanitation
Impacts of the Industrial Revolution
The textile industry was still reliant on slave labor.
The Slave Trade
Japan rose to an industrial power in the late nineteenth century because it established trade with the ______ ______.
United States
Key Events of the Industrial Revolution
Women’s groups organized to gain political rights. Suffrage was granted in 1920 with the ratification of the 19th amendment, which granted women the right to vote.
Suffragette movement
Key Events of the Industrial Revolution
Workers organized to demand better conditions.
Trade unions and working-class movements
Key Events of the Industrial Revolution
Karl Marx wrote Das Capital and The Communist Manifesto. Marx argued capitalism exploited the workers (the Proletariat) and anticipated an overthrow of capitalism.
Marxism
Key Events of the Industrial Revolution
Industrialism created a stronger sense of collective society.
Nationalist movements
Key Events of the Industrial Revolution
The ______ _____ ____ of 1882 prohibited immigration of Chinese laborers.
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
Key Events of the Industrial Revolution
The ______ ______ ____ of 1890 was the first federal law that outlawed monopolistic business practices.
The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
Key Events of the Industrial Revolution
The ______ _______ ___ established the Federal Reserve System and Central Bank to oversee monetary policy.
Federal Reserve Act of 1913
Presidents During the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries
Democrat; assumed office after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln during the reconstruction era of the Union; vetoed the Freedmen’s Bureau bill and the Civil Rights bill; first American president to be impeached; served one term.
Andrew Johnson (1865–1869)
Presidents During the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries
Republican; commanded the Union army during the Civil War; assumed office in the middle of the Reconstruction era; worked to reconcile the North and South; protected the civil rights of freed slaves; signed legislation that limited the activities of white terrorist groups like the Ku Klux Klan; negotiated the 1871 Treaty of Washington; served two terms.
Ulysses S. Grant (1869–1877)
Presidents During the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries
Republican; withdrew troops from the Reconstruction states and ended the Reconstruction era; led the way to civil service reform; appointed Southerners to federal positions; made financial appropriations for Southern improvements; served one term.
Rutherford B. Hayes (1877–1881)
Presidents During the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries
Republican; addressed civil service reform; initiated reform of the Post Office Department; assassinated; served one term.
James A. Garfield (1881)
Presidents During the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries
Republican; advocated for civil service reform; signed the Pendleton Civil Service Act; signed the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882; encouraged modernization of the U.S. Navy; served one term.
Chester A. Arthur (1881–1885)
Presidents During the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries
Democrat; attempted to reduce government spending; fought to have protective tariffs lowered; credited for the Interstate Commerce Act and the Dawes General Allotment Act; served one term.
Grover Cleveland (1885–1889)
Presidents During the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries
Republican; supported the passage of the McKinley Tariff Act of 1890; signed the Sherman Antitrust Act; advocated for veterans’ benefits, forest conservation, and the expansion of the U.S. Navy; served one term.
Benjamin Harrison (1889–1893)
Presidents During the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries
Democrat; worked to alleviate the Treasury crisis; repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890; served one term.
Grover Cleveland (1893–1897)
Presidents During the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries
Republican; raised customs duties; resulting in the Dingley Tariff Act; intervened in the conflict between Cuba and Spain, resulting in the Spanish American War; supported the Treaty of Paris, which officially ended the Spanish American War; supported the Open Door policy; assassinated; served one term.
William McKinley (1897–1901)
Presidents During the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries
Republican; advocated for conservation for 200 million acres for national forests, reserves, and wildlife refuges; supported the National Reclamation Act; facilitated the start of construction on the Panama Canal; negotiated an end to the Russo-Japanese War; served two terms.
Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909)
Presidents During the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries
Republican; supported the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; encouraged nationwide commerce and trade by forming a parcel post service; set railroad rates through the Interstate Commerce Commission; supported the Sixteenth Amendment that called for a federal income tax and the Seventeenth Amendment for the direct election of senators by the people; served one term.
William Howard Taft (1909–1913)
_____ ___ __ _____ was also known as the Great War. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, occurred on June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo. This was the catalyst to World War I. In addition, the practice of unrestricted submarine warfare against civilian vessels like the Lusitania was a major reason behind the United States entering the First World War.
World War I (WWI)
The world powers aligned into two groups:
Allied Powers
France
Britain
Russia
United States
The world powers aligned into two groups:
Central Powers
Austria-Hungary
Germany
Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria
President During World War I
Democrat, founder public administration theories, resisted pressure to enter World War I until it could no longer be avoided, served two terms.
Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921)
Key Events During World War I
Congress passed the _________ _____, which made it illegal to interfere with the operation of the military. This included obstructing the recruitment of servicemen into the military.
Espionage Act
Key Events During World War I
Charles Schenck is arrested for distributing leaflets urging men to resist the military draft and convicted of violating the Espionage Act. He appealed to the Supreme Court, claiming the federal government was infringing on his First Amendment right of free speech. The court determined speech (written or spoken) that created a clear and present danger to society was not protected by the First Amendment.
Schenck v. United States
World War I Timeline
-Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary is assassinated in Sarajevo by Serbian, Gavrilo Princip.
- Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia
- Germany declares was on Russia
December 24- Christmas Truce
1914
World War I Timeline
-The Allies launch offensive against the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Gallipoli. The Ottomans defeated the Allies after an 8-month battle.
-Germans torpedo the British-owned steamship Lusitania, setting off a chain of events that led to the U.S. entering WWI.
1915
World War I Timeline
-The Zimmerman Telegram (a secret communication between Germany and Mexico, describing their possible alliance) was intercepted and decoded by British intelligence.
-The Zimmerman Telegram is considered one of the main reasons the U.S. entered WWI.
1917
World War I Timeline
-January 8- President Woodrow Wilson issues his Fourteen Points plan to end the war.
-March 21- Germany launches the Spring Offensive hoping to defeat the Allies before the United States military can be deployed.
-Germany agrees to an armistice and fighting comes to an end at 11am on 11/11/1918 (11-11-11).
1918
World War I Timeline
-June 28- The Treaty of Versailles, a peace treaty, is signed, officially ending the war.
-The United States did not sign the treaty because the Senate did not want to join the League of Nations.
1919
The ________ _____ refers to the time between the end of World War I and the beginning of World War II.
Interwar Period
During the Roaring 20s, both President Harding and President Coolidge adopted a ______-_____ approach to the economy, where the government did not interfere with business. This approach left the market unregulated and was a contributing factor to the stock market crash of 1929.
laissez-faire
U.S. Presidents During the Interwar Period
Republican; reduced taxes for corporations and the wealthy; supported high protective tariffs; limited immigration; signed the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921; died of a heart attack; served one term.
Warren G. Harding (1921–1923)
U.S. Presidents During the Interwar Period
Republican; finished Harding’s term; cut taxes; limited government spending; supported small government; set high tariffs on imported goods; refused U.S. membership in the League of Nations; served two terms.
Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929)
The ______ ____ was an age of dramatic social and political change and the beginning of modern America. Most Americans moved to the cities during this period. The nation’s total wealth more than doubled between 1920 and 1929, making way for the consumer society.
Roaring 20s
The Roaring 20s
Author of The Great Gatsby
F. Scott Fitzgerald
The Roaring 20s
Treasury secretary; tax breaks for the wealthy
Andrew Mellon
The _______ _________ refers to the development of the Harlem neighborhood in New York City as a cultural mecca for African Americans in the early 20th century. The _______ _________ is considered a golden age in African-American culture, manifesting in literature, music, stage performance, and art.
Harlem Renaissance
The Roaring 20s
Assembly line
Henry Ford
The Harlem Renaissance
Poet and activist
Langston Hughes
The Harlem Renaissance
Author
Zora Neale Hurston
The Harlem Renaissance
Jazz musician
Louis Armstrong
The _______ _________ was the worst economic downturn in the
history of the industrialized world. When the _______ _________ reached its lowest point, approximately 15 million Americans were unemployed and nearly half the country’s banks had failed.
Great Depression
The Great Depression (1929–1939)
Millions of shares of stocks were traded after a wave of economic panic, causing their value to plummet.
Stock Market Crash of October 1929
The Great Depression (1929–1939)
A drought-stricken area in the Southern Plains of the United States. The _____ ______ intensified the economic impacts of the Great Depression. Because of the _____ ______ , many farming families set off on a migration across the United States in search of work and better living conditions.
The Dust Bowl 1930s
The Great Depression (1929–1939)
A series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1936. The _____ _____ included new constraints and safeguards on the banking industry and efforts to re-inflate the economy after prices had fallen sharply. The _____ _____ also increased federal spending to fund its programs.
New Deal (1933–1939)
The Great Depression (1929–1939)
The ________ _____ ____ ____ ____ is sweeping legislation enacted after the stock market crash in 1929 to regulate transactions on the secondary market and ensure financial transparency of publicly traded companies.
The Securities and Exchange Act of 1934
Presidents During the Great Depression
Republican; took much of the blame for the stock market crash of 1929; served one term.
Herbert Hoover (1929–1933)
Presidents During the Great Depression
Democrat; led the nation through the Great Depression by implementing the New Deal; led the country during World War II; elected three times; served 12 years.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1933–1945)
______ _____ ____ ____ was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The conflict involved the vast majority of the world’s nations, including all the superpowers.
World War II (WWII)
During World War II, the superpowers formed two opposing military alliances:
Allied Powers
-Great Britain – Winston Churchill
-Soviet Union – Joseph Stalin
-United States – Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman
-China – Chiang Kai-shek
During World War II, the superpowers formed two opposing military alliances:
Axis Powers
-Germany – Adolph Hitler
-Italy – Benito Mussolini
-Japan – Emperor Hirohito
Presidents During World War II
Democrat; led the nation through the Great Depression by implementing the New Deal; led the country during World War II; elected three times; served 12 years.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1933–1945)
Presidents During World War II
Democrat; vice president to Franklin Delano Roosevelt and successor after Roosevelt’s death; staunch anti-communist who did not trust Stalin; authored the Truman Doctrine; served two terms.
Harry S. Truman (1945–1953)
World War II Timeline
(Events Leading to WWII)
Adolf Hitler, head of the Nazi Party (the Third Reich) becomes
Chancellor of Germany.
1933
World War II Timeline
(Events Leading to WWII)
Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy form the Rome-Berlin Axis Treaty.
1936
World War II Timeline
(Events Leading to WWII)
Japan invades China.
1937
World War II Timeline
(Events Leading to WWII)
Germany invades Poland, marking the official beginning of
WWI.
1939
World War II Timeline
(Events During WWII)
Winston Churchill becomes Prime Minister of England.
1940
World War II Timeline
(Events During WWII)
Italy enters the war as a member of the Axis Powers.
1940
World War II Timeline
(Events During WWII)
The Axis Powers launch a massive attack on the Soviet Union consisting of over four million troops.
1941
World War II Timeline
(Events During WWII)
The Japanese attack Pearl Harbor and destroy nearly 20 American naval vessels, including eight battleships and over 300 airplanes. More than 2,400 Americans died in the attack, including civilians, and another 1,000 people were wounded. This event pulled the United States into WWII.
1941
World War II Timeline
(Events During WWII)
D-Day and the Normandy invasion. Allied forces invade France, forcing the Germans back.
1944
World War II Timeline
(Events During WWII)
United States Marines invade Iwo Jima. Each side suffered heavy losses before the Marines
finally took the island.
1945
World War II Timeline
(Events During WWII)
Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) dies and is succeeded by Harry S. Truman.
1945
World War II Timeline
(Events During WWII)
Adolf Hitler commits suicide.
1945
World War II Timeline
(Events During WWII)
Germany surrenders to the Allies ending the European conflict of World War II.
1945
World War II Timeline
(Events During WWII)
Truman orders a nuclear attack on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. Over 200,000 people
were killed.
1945
World War II Timeline
(Events During WWII)
Japan surrenders to the Allies, ending the war.
1945
Many scholars assert one of the major catalysts to World War II was the Treaty of Versailles, an agreement signed between Germany and the Allied Powers, marking the end World War I. Germany was required to take responsibility for the war, pay retributions, and make territorial concessions to certain countries. This is often cited as the reason many Germans were bitter over the deal and why they voted for the Nazi Party.
The Catalyst
The ________ ______ was the research and development of the nuclear bomb. The project was top secret and took place in Oakridge, Tennessee. It was led by the U.S. with the support of Canada and United Kingdom.
The Manhattan Project (1942-1946)
The ____ ____ was a post-World War II period of geopolitical tension between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its satellite states. The conflict is referred to as a “____ ____” because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two sides; however, there were minor proxy-wars, military build-ups, and political posturing, which brought the world dangerously close to another major conflict.
The Cold War (1945–1990)
Key Terms of the Cold War
A powerful, influential nation with a bloc of allies; specifically, the United States and
the Soviet Union during the Cold War.
Superpowers
Key Terms of the Cold War
A United States policy using numerous strategies to prevent the spread of communism abroad. A component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge its communist sphere of influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, and Vietnam.
Containment
Key Terms of the Cold War
The theory that a political event in one country will cause similar events in neighboring countries, like a falling domino causing an entire row of upended dominoes to fall.
Domino Theory
Key Events of the Cold War
With the _______ _____, President Harry S. Truman established that the United States would provide political, military, and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces.
Truman Doctrine (1947)
Key Events of the Cold War
Also known as the European Recovery Program, this was a United States program providing aid to Western Europe following the devastation of World War II. In addition to economic redevelopment, one of the stated goals of the _______ _____ was to halt the spread of communism on the European continent. The plan was a major proponent of Containment.
Marshall Plan (1948)
Key Events of the Cold War
In response to the Soviet blockade of land routes into West Berlin, the United States conducted a massive airlift of food, water, and medicine to the citizens of the besieged city.
Berlin Airlift (1948)
Key Events of the Cold War
NATO is a formal alliance between the territories of North America and Europe. NATO’s main purpose was to defend each other from the possibility of communist Soviet Union taking control of their nation.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (1949)
Key Events of the Cold War
Competition between the United States and the Soviet Union to develop the first nuclear weapons program.
The Arms Race (1949)
Key Events of the Cold War
Soviet response to NATO. Formed the Eastern Bloc of nations led by the Soviet Union. The ________ _____ included the Soviet Union, Albania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, and the German Democratic Republic.
Warsaw Pact (1955)
Key Events of the Cold War
Competition between the United States and the Soviet Union to develop the first space program.
– Russians launch Sputnik into space in 1957.
– United States amps up its space program.
– Kennedy wants to beat Russia to the moon.
– United States is the first to land men on the moon in 1969.
The Space Race (1957)
Key Events of the Cold War
A failed attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro (president of Cuba). Cuban exiles trained and financed by the CIA launched an ill-fated invasion of Cuba from the sea in the Bay of Pigs. It was one of President Kennedy’s biggest failures.
Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)
Key Events of the Cold War
Agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union to limit the use of ballistic missiles to defend other countries.
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (1972)
Key Events of the Cold War
The ______ ____ ______ of October 1962 was a direct and dangerous confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War and was the moment when the two superpowers came closest to nuclear conflict.
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Key Events of the Cold War
The Soviet Union’s restructuring of its economic and political system. ________ was intended to improve social and working conditions for the masses. First proposed by Leonid Brezhnev in 1979 and actively promoted by Mikhail Gorbachev, ________ originally referred to increased automation and labor efficiency but came to entail greater awareness of economic markets and the ending of central planning. The policy was seen as an attempt to democratize the communist Soviet Union.
Perestroika (1979)
Key Events of the Cold War
Agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union to decrease nuclear arsenals signed by Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev.
Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty (1987)
Key Individuals of the Cold War
Communist dictator of the Soviet Union from 1924–1953. He turned against the
United States and Britain after World War II.
Joseph Stalin
Key Individuals of the Cold War
General Secretary of the Soviet Union’s Communist Party from 1964–1982. He expanded the Soviet military.
Leonid Brezhnev
Key Individuals of the Cold War
In 1954, he became the first secretary of the Soviet Union’s Communist Party. He denounced Stalin and lessened government control over citizens.
Nikita Khrushchev
Key Individuals of the Cold War
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985–1991. He reformed the Soviet Union, effectively ending the Cold War.
Mikhail Gorbachev
Presidents During the Cold War
Democrat; vice president to Franklin Delano Roosevelt and successor after Roosevelt’s death; staunch anti-communist who did not trust Stalin; authored the Truman Doctrine; served two terms.
Harry S. Truman (1945–1953)
Presidents During the Cold War
Republican; served as the supreme commander of the Allied forces in WWII prior to his presidency; managed tensions during the Cold War; ended the Korean War; implemented covert Central Intelligence Agency operations throughout the world to stop communism; served two terms.
Dwight Eisenhower (1953–1961)
Presidents During the Cold War
Democrat; successfully got Soviet nuclear weapons out of Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis; instrumental leader in the Civil Rights Movement; assassinated in Texas in 1963; served less than one term.
John F. Kennedy (1961–1963)
Presidents During the Cold War
Democrat; vice president to John F. Kennedy and successor after Kennedy’s assassination; served one term.
Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969)
Presidents During the Cold War
Republican; expanded United States involvement in the Vietnam War; initiated the Anti-Ballistic Treaty with the impeachment hearings for cheating in the election; served less than two terms.
Richard Nixon (1969–1974)
Presidents During the Cold War
Republican; vice president to Richard Nixon and successor after Nixon’s resignation; served one term.
Gerald Ford (1974–1977)
Presidents During the Cold War
Democrat; struggled to manage the energy crisis and unemployment in the late 1970s; failed to free Americans in the Iran hostage crisis; served one term.
Jimmy Carter (1977–1981)
During an ongoing impeachment process for Richard Nixon, the Supreme Court ordered Nixon to hand over tape recordings of his conversations with those involved with Watergate—a scandal involving a break in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters. The Watergate scandal led to an uncovering of a number of abuses of powers by the Nixon administration. The ________ ______ __ _______ ______ is considered the most crucial Supreme Court case limiting executive privilege.
United States v. Richard Nixon
Presidents During the Cold War
Republican; instrumental in diplomacy with the Soviet Union to end the Cold War; implemented “trickle-down economics” and “The War on Drugs”; served two terms.
Ronald Reagan (1981–1989)
The _______ _____ ___________ began in the late 1940s. The movement was initiated by African Americans as an effort to end racial discrimination. By the 1960s, laws were passed to help protect the civil rights of every American citizen.
Civil Rights Movement
_____ ______ ____ were used to enforce racial segregation in public areas and facilities. Beginning in the 1870s and 1880s, _____ ______ ____ were upheld by the Supreme Court under the separate but equal legal doctrine, established with the court case Plessy v. Ferguson. These laws were enforced until 1965.
Jim Crow Laws
Civil Rights Movement Timeline
President Truman issues an executive order to end segregation in the armed services.
1948
Civil Rights Movement Timeline
Brown v. The Topeka Board of Education is a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case ruling that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.
1954
Civil Rights Movement Timeline
President Eisenhower is forced to send federal troops to Arkansas to protect nine African- American students while they integrated into high school. These African-American students are known as the Little Rock Nine.
1957
Civil Rights Movement Timeline
Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery, Alabama. This incident sparks a yearlong boycott of city buses in Montgomery.
1955
Civil Rights Movement Timeline
Eisenhower signs the Civil Rights Act of ______. The law protects voter rights.
1957
Civil Rights Movement Timeline
A series of “sit-ins” take place around the country inspired by four black youths refusing to leave a “whites only” lunch counter inside a Woolworth store in Greensboro, North Carolina.
1960
Civil Rights Movement Timeline
250,000 people march on Washington, D.C. for jobs and freedom. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. gives his “I Have a Dream” speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial.
1963
Civil Rights Movement Timeline
A bomb kills four young girls at the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama, sparking protests around the country.
1963
Civil Rights Movement Timeline
President John F. Kennedy is assassinated, and Lyndon B. Johnson is sworn in as president of the United States.
1963
Civil Rights Movement Timeline
President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of _____. The law prevents employment discrimination based on race, color, creed, religion, or nationality.
1964
Civil Rights Movement Timeline
Malcom X is assassinated.
1965
Civil Rights Movement Timeline
March from Selma, Alabama, to Montgomery, Alabama, in protest of voter suppression.
1965
Civil Rights Movement Timeline
President Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act of ____. The law prevents the use of literacy tests as a voting requirement.
1965
Civil Rights Movement Timeline
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is assassinated by James Earl Ray. King was shot on the balcony of his hotel room in Memphis, Tennessee.
1968
Civil Rights Movement Timeline
President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of ____, also known as the Fair Housing Act. The law requires equal housing rights for individuals regardless of race, religion, or nationality.
1968
Causes and effects of events
Social Movements and Political Conflicts in U.S. History
- 1914–1918
- Began after the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
- Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary & Turkey) against Allies (France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and from 1917, the United States).
- Also called the Great War.
- Allies were victorious.
- Treaty of Versailles ended WWI and set the stage for WWII.
World War I (WWI)
Causes and effects of events
Social Movements and Political Conflicts in U.S. History
- 1848–1920
- The goal of the movement was equal rights for women with an emphasis on suffrage. In 1848, 300 men and women met at Seneca Falls to outline women’s political strategies.
- The Industrial Revolution played a large role in equality for women. Women worked in factories while men went to war. After WWI, women wanted the same freedoms and rights as men.
- In 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified giving women the right to vote.
First Wave of Feminism
Causes and effects of events
Social Movements and Political Conflicts in U.S. History
- 1939–1945
- Began on September 1, 1939, when Germany invaded Poland. Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3.
- The German invasion of Poland marks the official start of WWII.
- Deadliest war in history.
- Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) and Allies (France, Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and China).
- Involved more than 30 countries.
- Allied Powers Leaders: Winston Churchill – United Kingdom, Joseph Stalin – Soviet Union, Charles de Gaulle – France, and Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman – United States.
- Axis Power Leaders: Adolf Hitler – Germany, Benito Mussolini – Italy, Hideki Tojo – Japan.
- Pearl Harbor attack – December 7, 1941.
- Bombing of Hiroshima – August 6, 1945.
World War II (WWII)
Causes and effects of events
Social Movements and Political Conflicts in U.S. History
- 1950s
- Strategic foreign policy pursued by the United States in the late 1940s and the early 1950s in order to check the expansionist policy of the Soviet Union.
Containment
Causes and effects of events
Social Movements and Political Conflicts in U.S. History
- 1947
- The British Empire agreed to give India its independence after World War II. When the British withdrew, India split into two independent dominions based on religion.
- The two dominions formed were India (Hindu) and Pakistan (Islam).
Partition of India
Causes and effects of events
Social Movements and Political Conflicts in U.S. History
- 1945–1990
- Rivalry that developed after WWII between the United States and the Soviet Union and their allies.
- Warsaw Pact – Soviet response to NATO. Formed the Eastern Bloc of nations led by the Soviet Union.
- The Berlin Wall – Was a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989. The German communist regime built the wall to separate the Communist East from the Democratic West. East Germany saw the west as fascists and a threat to socialism.
- Ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union.
The Cold War
Causes and effects of events
Social Movements and Political Conflicts in U.S. History
- 1950–1953
- War between North Korea and South Korea.
- Korea had been split into two sovereign states in 1948 as a result of the Cold War.
The Korean War
Causes and effects of events
Social Movements and Political Conflicts in U.S. History
- 1955–1975
- Conflict between communist government of North Vietnam against South Vietnam and its ally, the United States.
- U.S. military Operation Ranch Hand used the herbicide known as Agent Orange to destroy plants in order to expose the trails, roads, and camps used by the Viet Cong.
- President Richard Nixon ordered withdrawal of forces in 1973.
The Vietnam War
Causes and effects of events
Social Movements and Political Conflicts in U.S. History
- 1967
- War between the Israelis and Arabs.
- The cause of the war was attacks conducted against Israel by Palestinian guerrilla groups based in Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan.
- The ____-___ ____ ended with significant friction still existing between Israelis and Arabs over ownership of what is now the Gaza Strip.
The Six-Day War
Causes and effects of events
Social Movements and Political Conflicts in U.S. History
- During the 1960s, women’s advocacy groups focused on women’s issues in politics, work, family, and sexuality.
- The National Organization of Women (NOW) pressured Congress to pass legislation to ensure equal rights regardless of sex and demanded greater access to contraception and abortion services.
Second Wave of Feminism
Causes and effects of events
Social Movements and Political Conflicts in U.S. History
- 1973
- During the Yom Kippur War in 1973, the United States provided military support to Israel.
- The surrounding Arab nations did not recognize Israel as a legitimate nation-state.
- The United States’ support of Israel triggered the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) to dramatically reduced their petroleum production and establish an embargo on oil to the United States.
Energy Crisis of 1970
Causes and effects of events
Social Movements and Political Conflicts in U.S. History
- 1990–1991
- Two-phase war: Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm.
- President George H.W. Bush.
- Iraq’s leader, Saddam Hussein, invades Kuwait. Iraq occupies Kuwait for 7 months. United States retaliates.
- August 6 – Council imposed worldwide ban on trade with Iraq.
Persian Gulf War
Causes and effects of events
Social Movements and Political Conflicts in U.S. History
- 2003–2011
- Second Persian Gulf War.
- President George W. Bush went to war because of suspicion of weapons of mass destruction. Later, it was discovered there were never weapons of mass destruction.
- United States and Great Britain invaded Iraq.
Iraq War
Major Court Cases in Early U.S. History
This case is widely recognized as one of the most influential in US legal history. It established the principle of judicial review, which gives the Supreme Court the authority to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional. The case arose when William Marbury, a last- minute appointee of outgoing President John Adams, sued for his commission to be delivered. The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice John Marshall, declared that while Marbury had a right to his commission, the Court did not have the constitutional authority to force Secretary of State James Madison to deliver it because the section of the Judiciary Act of 1789 that gave the Court that power was unconstitutional.
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Major Court Cases in Early U.S. History
This case helped to establish the principle of implied powers of the federal government. When the state of Maryland tried to impose a tax on the Second Bank of the United States, the Supreme Court ruled that the state could not tax a federal institution because “the power to tax involves the power to destroy,” and that the federal government had the implied power to create a bank, even though such power was not explicitly outlined in the Constitution.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Major Court Cases in Early U.S. History
This case helped to define the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce. The Supreme Court ruled that a New York law granting exclusive navigation rights on waters within state jurisdiction was void because it conflicted with a federal law licensing ships to engage in coastal trade. This decision reinforced the federal government’s authority over the states.
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Major Court Cases in Early U.S. History
In this infamous case, the Supreme Court ruled that a Black man, Dred Scott, who was enslaved, could not sue for his freedom in federal court because, regardless of his status, he was not considered a citizen under the US Constitution. Furthermore, the Court declared that Congress could not prohibit slavery in the territories, thereby invalidating the Missouri Compromise of 1820. This case significantly heightened tensions between the North and South in the years leading up to the Civil War.
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
Major Court Cases in Early U.S. History
In this case, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the doctrine of “separate but equal.” Homer Plessy, a man of mixed race, challenged a Louisiana law requiring separate railway cars for Black and white passengers. This case legitimized many years of racial segregation and was not overturned until the landmark Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Separation of powers is outlined in the United States Constitution, where the federal government is divided into three branches:
_______ __ outlines the legislative branch (House of Representatives and the Senate).
Article I
Separation of powers is outlined in the United States Constitution, where the federal government is divided into three branches:
_______ __ outlines the executive branch (the president).
Article II
Separation of powers is outlined in the United States Constitution, where the federal government is divided into three branches:
_______ ___ outlines the judicial branch (the Supreme Court).
Article III
The Constitution’s federalist structure refers to the division of powers between the federal government and the state governments in the United States. It establishes a system of government where power is shared and balanced between these two levels of government.
Federalism
The key elements of the Constitution’s federalist structure:
The Constitution grants specific powers to the _______ __________, which include regulating interstate commerce, conducting foreign affairs, maintaining a military, and coining money. These powers are outlined in Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution and are often referred to as the “enumerated powers.”
Federal Government
The key elements of the Constitution’s federalist structure:
The Constitution reserves certain powers to the states. The Tenth Amendment explicitly states that powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved to the states or the people. These ______ ______ give states the authority to govern and legislate in areas not explicitly assigned to the federal government, such as education, marriage laws, and criminal justice.
Reserved Powers
The key elements of the Constitution’s federalist structure:
The federalist structure of the Constitution also incorporates the _________ __ _________, which divides the powers of the federal government among three branches: the legislative branch (Congress), the executive branch (the President), and the judicial branch (the Supreme Court and other federal courts). This ________ __ _________ ensures a system of checks and balances, preventing any one branch from becoming too dominant.
Separation of Powers
The key elements of the Constitution’s federalist structure:
The ________ _______, found in Article VI of the Constitution, establishes that the Constitution, federal laws, and treaties are the supreme law of the land. This means that if there is a conflict between federal and state laws, federal law prevails.
Supremacy Clause
The key elements of the Constitution’s federalist structure:
The Constitution can be amended through a deliberate process that requires the approval of both the federal and state governments. This reflects the federalist principle that the Constitution is a document created by the states and the people, and it allows for changes to be made to the system of government as needed.
Amendment Process
The _________ ___________ of the Constitution was designed to strike a balance between a strong federal government and the preservation of state autonomy. It ensures that certain powers are held at the national level while recognizing the authority and sovereignty of the states. This system has shaped the American federal system of government and the relationship between the federal government and individual states.
federalist structure
________ __ of Article I prohibits states from printing money, granting Title of Nobility, and declaring war.
Section 10
States’ right
Political powers held for state governments rather than the federal government. The following fall under the umbrella of state powers:
- Issue licenses (e.g., marriage, drivers, business).
- Create local governments.
- Regulate industry.
- Ratify amendments to the State Constitution.
- Regulate commerce within state lines.
________ __ __________
The United States government is composed of three branches: legislative, judicial, and executive. This separation of powers is intended to create a system of checks and balances to ensure no one branch is more powerful than another.
Branches of Government
The legislative branch includes the two chambers of Congress: the ________ __ ________ and the __________.
House of Representatives and the Senate
The _______ ____ ________, as outlined in the Constitution, is responsible for making and passing federal laws. There is a fixed number of voting representatives; since 1911, the number has been fixed at 435. The Constitution states that seats in the _______ ____ ________ are to be distributed among the states by population. The population of each state is determined by the census conducted every 10 years. Elections for the _______ ____ ________ are held every two years.
House of Representatives
Federal Level- Congress
State- State Legislature
Local- City Council
Legislative Branch
Federal Level- President
State Level- Governor
Local Level- Mayor
Executive Branch
Federal Level- US Supreme Court, US Court of Appeals, US District Courts
State Level- State Supreme Court, State Court of Appeals
Local Level- Municipal Courts
Judical
